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Money

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HISTORY OF MONEY

The History of Money Explained in One Infographic
Published  3 years ago  on  January 30, 2017
By  Jeff Desjardins

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​The History of Money Explained in One Infographic
Today’s infographic from Mint.com highlights the history of money, including the many monetary experiments that have taken place since ancient times.
Some innovations have stood the test of time – precious metals, for example, have been used for thousands of years. Paper money and banknotes are also widespread in use, after first being turned to in China in 806 after a copper shortage prevented the minting of new coins.
Other experiments didn’t have much staying power. The adoption of strange currencies such as squirrel pelts...
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-history-of-money-explained-infographic/

Online Resources:

History of money - Wikipedia
​
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › History_of_money​
The history of money concerns the development of social systems that provide at least one of the functions of money. Such systems can be understood as means ...‎Category:History of money · ‎Barter · ‎Shekel
​The History of Money | NOVA | PBS
www.pbs.org › wgbh › nova › article › history-money​
Oct 25, 1996 - 1000 B.C.: First Metal Money and Coins. Bronze and Copper cowrie imitations were manufactured by China at the end of the Stone Age and ...
​The History of Money: From Barter to Banknotes - Investopedia
www.investopedia.com › Economy › Economics
The Chinese were the first to devise a system of paper money, in approximately 770 B.C.. Money is valuable ...

YouTube Resources:

Econ Vids for Kids: What is Money?

​What is money? We explore how money originates out of a barter system and the five characteristics of money: divisibility, portability, durability, recognizability, and scarcity. http://inkwellscholars.org

TED-Ed: What gives a dollar bill its value? - Doug Levinson

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-gives-...
​The value of money is determined by how much (or how little) of it is in circulation. But who makes that decision, and how does their choice affect the economy at large? Doug Levinson takes a trip into the United States Federal Reserve, examining how the people who work there aim to balance the value of the dollar to prevent inflation or deflation. Lesson by Doug Levinson, animation by Qa'ed Mai.

​The History of Money: An Overview

Kenneth R. Calvert, Headmaster of Hillsdale Academy and Associate Professor of History at Hillsdale College ​​

History of U.S. Currency | History is Our Story | J.P. Morgan

jpmorgan
American money has changed drastically since the birth of the nation. In Part 1 of this two-part series, discover the origins of bank notes and how institutions, including one of our predecessors, played a role in creating modern money.

The History of U.S. Money

​SF Fed EconEd
Money hasn't always looked like it does today, but evolved over the last few centuries to become the size and shape that we now carry in our wallets. Learn how our country's vibrant history -- from times of financial crisis and war, to the demand for a stable monetary system -- transformed the appearance of American currency as we know it. Discover the role the Federal Reserve played, and continues to play, in this rich history. After watching the video, explore the SF Fed's American Currency Exhibit online, a truly priceless collection that brings history alive and shows you how currency actually shaped our country's history: http://www.frbsf.org/currency/index.html

​History of the US Dollar

​IG Bank
Discover the history of the US dollar – including its origins, and the events that led to it becoming the most traded currency on the planet.

Book Resources:

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​The History of Money 
by Jack Weatherford 

In his most widely appealing book yet, one of today's leading authors of popular anthropology looks at the intriguing history and peculiar nature of money, tracing our relationship with it from the time when primitive men exchanged cowrie shells to the imminent arrival of the all-purpose electronic cash card.
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Money: The Unauthorized Biography--From Coinage to Cryptocurrencies 
by Felix Martin 

​What is money, and how does it work? In this tour de force of political, cultural, and economic history, Felix Martin challenges nothing less than our conventional understanding of one of humankind’s greatest inventions. Martin describes how the Western idea of money emerged in the ancient world, and was shaped over the centuries by tensions between sovereigns and the emerging middle classes. Money, he argues, has always been an intensely political instrument, and that it is our failure to remember this that led to the crisis in our financial system and the Great Recession. He concludes with practical solutions for making money serve us—and, in an introduction and epilogue new to this edition, a discussion of what Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies mean for money's future. From John Locke to Montesquieu, from Sparta to the Soviet Union, Money is a far-ranging and magisterial work of history and economics, with profound implications for the world today.
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The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World: 10th Anniversary Edition
by Niall Ferguson

ASCENT OF MONEY is based on Ferguson’s best-selling book The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, which predicted the current economic crisis and was released within weeks of the meltdown of sub-prime loans.
Said Ferguson, “In the midst of a major economic depression, it is often hard to appreciate the historical precedents and truly understand that while a situation may look dire, our system of finance, banking and trade has allowed for unprecedented progress. I’m hopeful the film will allow viewers to better understand the on-going evolution of our financial system and how our economy remains extraordinarily viable even as we are grappling with a crisis of historic proportions.”
For millions of people, the recession has generated a thirst for knowledge about how our global economic system really works, especially when so many financial experts seem to be equally baffled. In ASCENT OF MONEY, economist, author and historian Ferguson offers 
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/ascentofmoney/

The Ascent of Money: ​

FEATURED

  • Live Q&A with Niall Ferguson, host of THE ASCENT OF MONEY
  • The Ascent of Money Episode 4: Planet Finance
  • The Ascent of Money Episode 3: Risky Business
  • The Ascent of Money Episode 2: Bonds of War
  • The Ascent of Money Episode 1: From Bullion to Bubbles

The Ascent of Money: ​Episodes/Videos

The Ascent of Money Episode 4: Planet Finance
In the final episode of four-part THE ASCENT OF MONEY series, Niall Ferguson chronicles the spread of good -- and bad -- financial practices across the globe, the meteoric rise of the American real estate market, and the consequences of the subprime mortgage fiasco.

July 17th, 2009

The Ascent of Money Episode 3: Risky Business
In "Risky Business," part three of the four-part THE ASCENT OF MONEY, economist and historian Niall Ferguson examines the roots of the insurance industry, natural disasters and risk management, and the history of hedge funds.

July 8th, 2009
 
The Ascent of Money Episode 2: Bonds of War
In the second episode of the four-hour series THE ASCENT OF MONEY, economist and historian Niall Ferguson explores John Law and his Louisiana territory Ponzi scheme; bond markets that supported warfare in Europe.

July 8th, 2009

The Ascent of Money Episode 1: From Bullion to Bubbles
In the first episode of the four-hour series THE ASCENT OF MONEY, economist and historian Niall Ferguson documents the roots of money in the conquest of the Americas, from the Incan empire to the Louisiana territory.

July 8th, 2009

Watch the two-hour THE ASCENT OF MONEY
Watch the two-hour program THE ASCENT OF MONEY online now.

February 19th, 2009

Watch a preview of the four-hour documentary THE ASCENT OF MONEY
In the four-hour version of THE ASCENT OF MONEY, historian and author Niall Ferguson seeks to explain the financial history of the world, exploring how our complex system of global finance evolved over the centuries, how money has shaped the course of human affairs and how the mechanics of this economic system work to create seemingly unlimited wealth—or catastrophic loss.

​Lessons:

You Can Take That to the Bank!: Lesson Overview
This lesson teaches high school students about the role of banks both in history and the present day. Students will learn about key financial concepts that contributed to the evolution of banks.

How Insurance Has Shaped Our World: Lesson Overview
In this media-enhanced lesson utilizing clips from THE ASCENT OF MONEY, students will be introduced to the concept of insurance and the role it has played in determining the world’s political and economic landscape since its inception in the 18th century.

Taking Stock: Lesson Overview 
In this media-enhanced lesson utilizing clips from THE ASCENT OF MONEY, students will be introduced to the concepts of companies, the ownership shares offered by some companies to increase capital and distribute profits and risks, and the stock markets in which such shares are publicly traded as investments.

Microfinance and Entrepreneurship: Lesson Overview
In this lesson, students will be introduced to the practice and industry of microfinance, learning how the provision of unsecured loans to low-income, small-scale entrepreneurs in the developing world has improved the business prospects and quality of life for many desperately poor people around the

​INTERVIEWS, SPEECHES AND ARTICLES OF NIALL FERGUSON

  • Niall Ferguson: America Needs to Cancel Its Debt | Vanity Fair​
  • Watch Niall Ferguson on Comedy Central’s “The Colbert Report” (January 13, 2009)www.cc.com/video/k1og3a/the-colbert-report-niall-ferguson
  • Interview on CNBC’s “Street Signs” with Erin Burnett (January 13, 2009)
  • Interview on WNYC (November 20 2008)
  • Interview about his book The Ascent of Money (from the Carnegie Council, November 20 2008)
  • Interview about his book The Ascent of Money (from “Night Talk” on Bloomberg, November 19 2008)
  • Interview about his book The Ascent of Money (from “Conversations with History” at the University of California at Berkeley, October 22 2008)
  • “Wall Street Lays Another Egg” by Niall Ferguson (Vanity Fair, December 2008)

The Ascent of Money Episode 1: Dreams of Avarice

​Niall Ferguson
From Shylock's pound of flesh to the loan sharks of Glasgow, from the "promises to pay" on Babylonian clay tablets to the Medici banking system. Niall Ferguson explains the origins of credit and debt and why credit networks are indispensable to any civilization.
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 1: Dreams of Avarice
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 2: Human Bondage
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 3: Blowing Bubbles
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 4: Risky Business
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 5: Safe as houses
  • NOW PLAYING: The Ascent of Money Episode 6: Chimerica

Resources:

About the Film
In THE ASCENT OF MONEY, author, economist and historian Niall Ferguson traces the evolution of money and demonstrates that financial history is the essential back-story behind all history.
Jul 8th, 2009 | 0 Comments
About Niall Ferguson
Niall Ferguson, MA, D.Phil., is Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and William Ziegler Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School.
Jan 7th, 2009 ​
Niall Ferguson: America Needs to Cancel Its Debt | Vanity Fair
​
As dedicated V.F. readers already know, Niall Ferguson “gets” the economic collapse. Now, the historian and bestselling author is sharing ...
​THE ASCENT OF MONEY wins International Emmy®
British broadcaster Channel 4 picked up an International Emmy® Award for best documentary for historian Niall Ferguson's series THE ASCENT OF MONEY. The series charts the financial history of the world, demonstrating the effect that finance had on some of the most momentous historic events.
Nov 25th, 2009
​THE ASCENT OF MONEY Production Credits
Production credits for THE ASCENT OF MONEY.
Resources
Additional web and print resources about the past, present and future of money.
Jan 6th, 2009 ​

Lesson Plan Resources:

  • ​History of Money, Lessons, American, US, World
​www.moneyinstructor.com › history​
HISTORY LESSONS AND LESSON PLANS. The Great Depression. Students will understand the events preceding the Great Depression, and learn about "Black ...
  • ​A World of Money | Lesson Plan - US Mint
www.usmint.gov › learn › educators › a-world-of-money
Learn · For Kids · For Educators · Coin & Medal Programs · Collecting Basics · History · Artists · U.S. Mint/; Lesson Plans/; A World of Money ...
  • ​The History of Money - TD Bank
www.tdbank.com › wowzone › lessons › Gr2-3Lesson1
P
DF
INTRODUCTION TO MONEY: ORIGIN, HISTORY AND FUNCTIONS ... This lesson introduces students to types of money (cash, coin) and the ... Connections – (Students will) Recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas.
  • ​Hard Money History
​https://www.hardmoneyhistory.com
Become a better investor by studying the history of money. Protect your portfolio and prosper by understanding the importance of hard money.

A National Bank?

​The President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto national bank.
First Bank of the United States - Wikipedia
  • ​The First Bank of the United States | Federal Reserve History
Alexander Hamilton's grand experiment in central banking began in 1791 to assist a post-Revolutionary War economy and ended 20 years later. This 1830s painting ...
  • ​The First Bank of the United States - History House Gov
Hamilton argued that a national bank is “a political machine, of the greatest importance to the state.” He asserted that a national bank would facilitate ...
  • ​Establishing a National Bank | American Experience - PBS
On December 15, 1790, Hamilton submitted a report to Congress making the case. He proposed a Bank of the United States with a $10 million capital (then five ...
  • ​Alexander Hamilton and the National Bank - Bill of Rights ...
High on Hamilton's list of proposals in 1780 was the creation of a national bank. The inspiration for this idea came from Great Britain. One critical element in ...
  • ​The Bank that Hamilton Built
As the Republic's first Treasury secretary, Hamilton championed the idea of a national bank, proposing its establishment to Congress and convincing President ...

Why a National Bank

​Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton creates a Bank of the United States, modeled after the Bank of England, where all federal deposits are held.

US Economic History 3 — National Banks’ Rise and Fall

​Does a national bank make the US economy more stable or more chaotic? Video created with the Bill of Rights Institute to help students ace their exams. This is the third video in a series of nine with Professor Brian Domitrovic, which aim to be a resource for students studying for US History exams and to provide a survey of different (and sometimes opposing) viewpoints on key episodes in U.S. economic history. How do you think we did? SUBSCRIBE: http://bit.ly/2dUx6wg

Hamilton v. Jefferson: The Central Bank Debate [POLICYbrief]

​In 1791, two great minds clashed over an issue of constitutional and historical significance. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson tried to make the case to President George Washington for and against having a national, central bank. Hamilton saw the central bank as the key to America’s economic future, whereas Jefferson worried about the consolidation of power and thought a central bank was unconstitutional. In this episode of POLICYbrief, two experts--David Cowen, President/CEO of the Museum of American Finance, and Thomas J. DiLorenzo, Professor of Economics at Loyola University--explain and analyze this 200-year-old debate that still has relevance today. As always, the Federalist Society takes no position on particular legal or public policy issues; all expressions of opinion are those of the speaker.

The Federal Reserve - 1913

​The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States of America. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. Wikipedia
  • ​Federal Reserve Board - Home
The Federal Reserve monitors risks to the financial system and works to help ensure the system supports a healthy economy for U.S. households, communities, ...
​Federal Reserve (@federalreserve) · Twitter
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Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts, with the twelve Federal Reserve Districts enumerated in black circles and the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares. Branches within each district are marked as red circles. The Washington, D.C. headquarters is marked with a star enclosed in a black circle.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
The Boston Fed works to promote sound growth and financial stability in New England and the nation.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of New York
​Federal Reserve Bank of New York
Federal Reserve Bank of New York. John C. Williams President Federal Reserve Bank of New York ... New York, NY 10045 (212) 720-5000. Visitor Information.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia​
​Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Philadelphia Fed is on Instagram. Follow our new Instagram account for the latest info, images, and more — spotlighting our work throughout the Third ...
  • ​Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
​Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
The Center for Inflation Research and the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland invite you to attend Cleveland Fed Conversations on Central Banking, on Tuesday, ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
​Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond
We're one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks working together with the Board of Governors to support a healthy economy. Our job is to serve the American ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
​Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
We use cookies on our website to give you the best online experience. Please know that if you continue to browse on our site, you agree to this use.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
​Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
The homepage of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, including recent news, upcoming events, and economic snapshot data.
  • Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
​Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The St. Louis Fed is central to the nation's economy. It's part of the Federal Reserve System, which includes 12 Federal Reserve banks and the Board of ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
​
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis is pursuing an economy that works for all of us. Serving Montana, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin and ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City
​Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City: Home
Learn more about the history of Black community banks with the latest historical publication from the Kansas City Fed. February 03, 2022 ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
​Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas - Dallasfed.org
​
The Dallas Fed promotes a strong financial system and healthy economy for everyone in the Eleventh Federal Reserve District, which ...
  • Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
​Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
The SF Fed is a nonprofit public service institution that supports the economy through research, banking supervision, community development, and education.

Fed Functions: Conducting Monetary Policy

​The Federal Reserve, or the Fed, performs five key functions that help promote a healthy economy for all Americans. One of those functions is conducting the nation's monetary policy. Monetary policy is what the Federal Reserve does to accomplish two goals mandated by the U.S. Congress--promoting maximum employment, which means all Americans that want to work are gainfully employed, and promoting stable prices for the goods and services we all purchase. For more information: https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutt...

In Plain English

​Need to learn - or teach someone else - about the Federal Reserve? Have no fear! Whether you're a high school history teacher from Helena or a businessperson from Boise, Buck, our friendly tour guide, will show you around the Federal Reserve System, introducing you to who we are and what we do.

What Does the Federal Reserve Do?

​The Federal Reserve, or the Fed, is an important and influential part of the U.S. economy. But what exactly does it do? In this video from the Income Investing course, our Education Coach gives you a simple explanation. Open an account with TD Ameritrade to get access to the Income Investing course and more immersive investor education.

How The Federal Reserve Works (And Who Really Owns It)

In this video, we'll explore how the U.S. Federal Reserve works. You might just be surprised as to who actually owns it!
  • The Structure and Functions of the Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, ...
  • ​Federal Reserve - CNBC
Latest news and headlines related to the Federal Reserve. ... January's hot inflation may mean the Federal Reserve boosts rates even faster.
  • ​Federal Reserve (The Fed) - The New York Times
News about Federal Reserve (The Fed), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.

The Monetary Policy

​Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to control either the interest rate payable for very short-term borrowing or the money supply, often as an attempt to reduce ... Wikipedia
Monetary policy is the control of the quantity of money available in an economy and the channels by which new money is supplied. By managing the money supply, a central bank aims to influence macroeconomic factors including inflation, the rate of consumption, economic growth, and overall liquidity.
Monetary Policy Definition - Investopedia
Infographic for Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Below is the full version of the Classroom Economist infographic for Fiscal & Monetary Policy. You can also download this infographic as a PDF for use in your lessons and activities.
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The Fed Explains Monetary Policy

Fiscal & Monetary Policy - Macro Topic 5.1

​In this video I overview fiscal and monetary policy and how the economy adjust in the long run. Keep in mind that fiscal and monetary policy shift aggregate demand while waiting for the economy to adjust is a shift in aggregate supply. Thanks for watching. Please subscribe. Need help? Check out the Ultimate Review Packet for FREE: https://www.acdcecon.com/review-packet

Monetary Policy and the Fed- EconMovies #9: Despicable Me

​Teachers! I created NEW worksheets for all my EconMovies episodes and for all the Crash Course Economics episodes. If you want to learn more about these worksheets and get some samples, fill out this form: https://forms.gle/1XajQCpkmcdw3Spx5 EconMovies explain economic concepts through movies. In this episode, I use Despicable Me to explain monetary policy, interest rates, and the role of banks in the economy. Good luck studying economics. Oh, and don't mess with Janet Yellen. Thanks for watching. Please subscribe.

POST WWII

The Bretton Woods Conference 

The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.[1]
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Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States

What’s the “Bretton Woods” System?

​While today the U.S. is in a trade war with China, the foundations of international trade were laid to avoid war altogether. In this video, Trade Guy Bill Reinsch gives a quick rundown of the Bretton Woods System, the system of global trade that emerged at the end of WWII. Why do we trade with other countries? Watch this video.
  • ​What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? 
The Bretton Woods Institutions are the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). They were set up at a meeting of 43 countries ...

The Bretton Woods system

​The Bretton Woods system​ of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, Australia, and Japan after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement. Wikipedia
  • ​Creation of the Bretton Woods System | Federal Reserve History
by SK Ghizoni — A new international monetary system was forged by delegates from forty-four nations in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, in July 1944.
  • ​Bretton Woods Agreement and System - Investopedia
The Bretton Woods Agreement and System created a collective international currency exchange regime that lasted from the mid-1940s to the early 1970s. · The ...

International Monetary Fund

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​The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 190 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

  • ​International Monetary Fund - Wikipedia
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries.
  • ​International Monetary Fund | U.S. Department of the Treasury
The IMF is an organization of 189 member countries that works to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international ...

5 Facts About the IMF

The World Bank

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The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face.

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. Wikipedia

The World Bank Group: Who We Are, What We Stand For, and How We Get Things Done

  • ​World Bank Definition - Investopedia
The World Bank is an international organization that provides financing, advice, and research to developing nations to help advance their economies. · The World ...

The end of the Bretton Woods system (1972–81)...
​The 'Nixon shock'

On 15 August 1971, the United States terminated convertibility of the US dollar to gold, effectively bringing the Bretton Woods system to an end and rendering the dollar a fiat currency. ... The Bretton Woods system was over by 1973. The subsequent era has been characterized by floating exchange rates.
Bretton Woods system - Wikipedia

Nixon Ends Bretton Woods International Monetary System

​On August 15, 1971, President Nixon announced on TV 3 dramatic changes in economic policy. He imposed a wage-price freeze. He ended the Bretton Woods international monetary system. And he imposed a temporary surcharge (tariff) on all imports. The Bretton Woods system was created towards the end of World War II and involved fixed exchange rates with the U.S. dollar as the key currency - but also a role for gold linked to the dollar at $35/ounce. The system began to falter in the 1960s because of an excess of dollars flowing out of the U.S. which foreign central banks had to absorb. A run on gold in 1968 was stemmed by a patch on Bretton Woods known as the two-tier gold system. All of this was ended unilaterally by the Nixon decision. After a brief attempt to create a modified fixed exchange rate system, the world moved to flexible rates.

The Gold Standard, Explained

​Before 1974, U.S. dollars were backed by a gold standard. This meant that the federal government could not print more money than it could redeem for gold. While this constrained the federal government, it also provided citizens with a relatively stable purchasing power for goods and services. Today's paper currency has no intrinsic value. It is not based on the value of gold or anything else. Under a gold standard, inflation was really limited. With floating value, or fiat, currency, however, some countries have seen inflation reach extremely high levels—sometimes enough to lead to economic collapse. Gold standards have historically provided more stable currencies with lower inflation than fiat currency. Should the United States return to a gold standard?
The Nixon shock was a series of economic measures undertaken by United States President Richard Nixon in 1971, in response to increasing inflation, the most significant of which were wage and price ... Wikipedia
  • ​The end of the Bretton Woods System (1972–81)
The system dissolved between 1968 and 1973. In August 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon announced the "temporary" suspension of the dollar's convertibility ...
  • ​Nixon and the End of the Bretton Woods System, 1971–1973
On August 15, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon announced his New Economic Policy, a program “to create a new prosperity without war.” Known colloquially as the ...
  • ​CBDC-50 Years After the End of Bretton Woods
50 years ago, the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates came to a sudden stop. It seemed the end​ of an era of multilateral and ...
  • ​The End of Bretton Woods, Jacques Rueff, and the “Monetary ...
August 15, 2021 marks the 50th anniversary of the day President Richard Nixon “closed the gold window,” ending the postwar Bretton Woods ...
  • ​money - After Bretton Woods | Britannica
This breakdown of the fixed exchange rate system ended each country's obligation to maintain a fixed price for its currency against gold or other currencies.
  • ​Ending Bretton Woods - Economic History Society
On 15 August, 1971, President Richard Nixon shocked the world by ending the Bretton Woods international monetary system the United States ...

Who Killed Capitalism? (Global Crash Documentary) | Real Stories

​August 15, 1971 - The day President Nixon declared the dollar would no longer be backed by gold. That decision triggered a ripple effect around the world that forever changed the Capitalist system, allowing governments to print as much money has they’d like and drowning nations with massive debt. The effects of those policies are being felt today - causing huge market crashes, increasing the wealth gap and inflating the price of goods and services while wages remain relatively stagnant.

The United States Dollar,
​the world's reserve currency

​Reserve currency - Wikipedia
United States dollar — The United States dollar is the most widely held currency in the allocated reserves, representing about 61% of international ...

Why is the dollar so powerful? | CNBC Explains

​For more than seven decades, the United States dollar has been the world’s reserve currency, with a majority of international transactions using the greenback. CNBC’s Uptin Saiidi explains how it became so strong and explores whether its position could be threatened.
  • ​The Dollar: The World's Currency | Council on Foreign Relations
What is a reserve currency? — The dollar's role as the primary reserve currency for the global economy allows the United States to borrow money more easily ...
  • ​The Fed - The International Role of the U.S. Dollar - Federal ...
by C Bertaut  One measure of confidence in a currency as a store of value is its usage in official foreign exchange reserves. As shown in Figure 2, the dollar ...
  • ​Here's How Reserve Currencies Have Evolved Over 120 Years
For example, in the year 1900, the U.S. dollar and pound sterling made up 0% and 62% of global reserves respectively. But fast forward to 2020, ...

Why the US dollar is the king of currencies

The dollar's dominance as the primary currency for international trade has given the US a considerable advantage in financial markets for decades. But how did the dollar get its prominence? And are its days numbered? ​

What if the DOLLAR Was Still Pegged to GOLD | Gold Standard | ENDEVR Explains

Every once in a while, the gold standard goes back into fashion. The world has moved on from currencies attached to the precious metal for 50 years, but discussions around the topic are more vivid than ever. To understand why going back to the gold standard is still appealing to some people we need to dive into what are the disadvantages and advantages of the system. ​

THE FUTURE?

World Economic Forum

Global Financial and Monetary Systems in 2030

​This council looked at the future of the Financial and Monetary systems, comprising the following elements: - Evolving regulatory requirements. - Innovating to rebuild trust and stability in the financial system. - The need for a new underlying financial system blueprint. - Increasing access to and use of financial services. - Harnessing data to benefit risk management and customer interaction. - Technological impact on the financial services ecosystem. - System interconnectedness and evolving market risks. Council co-chairs: Axel Lehmann (UBS) and Cecilia Skingsley (Riksbank) Council Manager: Elaine Smith (World Economic Forum)

Resetting Digital Currencies Part 1 | DAVOS AGENDA 2021

#WorldEconomicForum #DavosAgenda2021 #DigitalCurrencies
​
COVID-19 has accelerated the long-term shift from cash, with an 8% increase in non-cash payments in the euro area in 2020. Meanwhile, central bank digital currencies are emerging, potentially transforming how people use money worldwide. What policies, practices and partnerships are needed to leverage the opportunities posed by the rise of digital currencies? Speakers: Sheila Warren, Elizabeth Rossiello, Hikmet Ersek, Andrew Bailey, Her Majesty Queen Máxima of the Netherlands, Glenn H. Hutchins

Predictions

The Future of Money - New Mini Documentary

​Right now, you have many options if you need to pay for something, you can pay with cash, with your atm card or digitally with tons of different apps. You can even pay with bitcoin or cryptocurrency. With so many rapid changes and so many companies competing for dominance in the financial sector, the future of money is exciting. #Future #Money #Technology

The Future of Money in the Digital Age

The Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE) and Princeton University’s Bendheim Center for Finance cohost the conference “The Future of Money in the Digital Age” on October 16, 2019. Lael Brainard, member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, delivers the keynote address on current developments in digital currency and policy implications. Markus K. Brunnermeier, Edwards S. Sanford Professor at Princeton University, presents his recent paper “The Digitization of Money,” followed by a high-level panel with Martin Wolf, chief economics commentator at the Financial Times; Stefan Ingves, governor of the Riksbank; Simon Potter, PIIE nonresident senior fellow; and Hyun Song Shin, head of research at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). For more information, visit: https://www.piie.com/events/future-mo...

How we'll earn money in a future without jobs | Martin Ford

​Machines that can think, learn and adapt are coming -- and that could mean that we humans will end up with significant unemployment. What should we do about it? In a straightforward talk about a controversial idea, futurist Martin Ford makes the case for separating income from traditional work and instituting a universal basic income.

The future of money | Neha Narula

​What happens when the way we buy, sell and pay for things changes, perhaps even removing the need for banks or currency exchange bureaus? That's the radical promise of a world powered by cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. We're not there yet, but in this sparky talk, digital currency researcher Neha Narula describes the collective fiction of money — and paints a picture of a very different looking future.

Cryptocurrency​ (Digital Currencies)

A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is a collection of binary data which is designed to work as a medium of exchange. Wikipedia
Cryptocurrency Definition - Investopedia 
A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend.
​What Is Cryptocurrency? Beginners Guide to Digital Cash
A cryptocurrency (or “crypto”) is a form of payment that can circulate without the need for a central monetary authority such as a government or bank.

History of Cryptocurrency

​A short amateur documentary on the history of cryptocurrency, including Bitcoin.

​Bitcoin Documentary | Crypto Currencies | Bitcoins | Blockchain | Digital Currency | Money | Gold

Bitcoin: The End Of Money As We Know It traces the history of money from the bartering societies of the ancient world to the trading floors of Wall St. The documentary exposes the practices of central banks and the dubious financial actors who brought the world to its knees in the last crisis. It highlights the Government influence on the money creation process and how it causes inflation. Moreover, this film explains how most money we use today is created out of thin air by banks when they create debt. Epic in scope, this film examines the patterns of technological innovation and questions everything you thought you knew about money. Is Bitcoin an alternative to national currencies backed by debt? Will Bitcoin and cryptocurrency spark a revolution in how we use money peer to peer? Is it a gift to criminals? Or is it the next bubble waiting to burst? If you trust in your money just as it is - this film has news for you. ​
What Is Cryptocurrency? Beginners Guide to Digital Cash
To buy cryptocurrencies, you'll need a “wallet” — an online app that can hold your currency. Generally, you create an account on an exchange, and then you can transfer real money to buy cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. Here's more on how to invest in Bitcoin.

Could digital currencies put banks out of business? | The Economist

​Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have been billed as a major disruptor to finance. But digital currencies issued by governments might be even more radical—they may even threaten the future of traditional banking. Read our special report, “The Future of Banking” : https://econ.st/3tuTT8y

​Bitcoin: How Cryptocurrencies Work

From Elon Musk to your grandma, we all know about the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, but how does it actually work? ​

The History Of Cryptocurrency In 10 Minutes: From Nothing To Something

​Twitter : https://twitter.com/The_BTC_express
​Instagram:
https://www.instagram.com/the_btc_exp...

How Cryptocurrency ACTUALLY works.

Bitcoin, Dogecoin, Ethereum, NFT's, all explained in one simple guide! Do consider subscribing if you enjoyed! ​
Why Buy Cryptocurrency? The Ultimate Guide
​
Cryptocurrency is a fundamental shift in the nature of money.
It is much more than just a way to make a quick buck or as a way to diversify your portfolio.
I simplify things for myself in the cryptocurrency space by splitting coins into three categories.
  1. Bitcoin
  2. Attempts to be a better version of hard money than Bitcoin e.g. Monero
  3. Technology speculations e.g. Ethereum
I think this is a useful lens to view them through.
Bitcoin came first and because of its unique properties it is arguably the...
www.hardmoneyhistory.com/why-buy-cryptocurrency/

Bitcoin and blockchain 101: Why the future will be decentralized | Big Think

We've all heard terms like Bitcoin, blockchain, and cryptocurrency being thrown around in the past few years, but what do they mean? Consider this your crash course. Experts from across the spectrum of money and tech provide a history of commerce dating back tens of thousands of years, explain what blockchain and Bitcoin are and how they work, and offer insights into the differences between centralized and decentralized systems. Because blockchain is incredibly difficult to hack, it has massive implications for elections, banking, shipping, land ownership—any domain where corruption is rampant. While the technology may feel abstract now, programmer Brian Behlendorf compares it to explaining the concept of email to people in 1993. One day, blockchain will be a seamless part of our lives. Check Tony Saldanha's book "Why Digital Transformations Fail: The Surprising Disciplines of How to Take Off and Stay Ahead" at https://amzn.to/36iaOCH

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