History of STEM 
​(A History of Scientific Thought)

Part 2

STEM Part 1

STEM Home

STEM Part 2

ODE STEM grades 1-6

ODE K-6 Curriculum

The Scientific Revolution
​through the Atomic Age...

The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #12

So, what exactly is a scientific revolution? And are they more than just moments in time Historians use to mark the beginning and ending of things through time? In this episode we'll look into some ideas and people named Nick and how they fit into science and the search to understand ourselves and our place in the universe. ​

The Scientific Revolution - Historic UK
www.historic-uk.com › HistoryUK › HistoryofBritain​

• The Scientific Revolution refers to a period of time roughly from 1500 to 1700 which witnessed fundamental transformations in people's attitudes towards the ...

​The Scientific Revolution
www.sps186.org › downloads › basic
​PDF 

• ​Scientific. Revolution. • heliocentric theory. • Galileo Galilei. • scientific method. • Isaac Newton ... European thought that historians call the Scientific Revolution.

​A History of the Scientific Revolution - Hillsdale College
www.hillsdale.edu › k12-classical-education › a-history...

• The scientific revolution forever changed the focuses of scientific study. But studying the history of science benefits all students and helps put today's science ...

​The Scientific Revolution: Science & Society from the ...
hti.osu.edu › scientificrevolution › lesson_plans​

• ​​The Scientific Revolution: Science & Society from the Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment: Lesson Plans. Body. Copernicus. The Scientific Revolution resulted ...

​Scientific Revolution - HISTORY
www.history.com › tag › scientific-revolution

• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) is considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology, ...

SciShow Space: How We Figured Out That Earth Goes Around the Sun

Most of the world believed that Earth was the center of the universe for a really long time. Then a few scientists decided to take a closer look.

​​Biographics - Copernicus: A Revolution of Astronomical Proportions

New Astronomy

The New Astronomy: Crash Course History of Science #13

​This week on Crash Course: History of the Scientific Revolution—astronomical anomalies accrued. Meanwhile, in Denmark—an eccentric rich dude constructed not one but two science castles! And his humble German assistant synthesized a lot of new, old, and bold astronomical ideas into a single sun-centered, eccentricity-positive system…

Tycho Brahe - Starchild (NASA)
​starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov › StarChild › whos_who_level2​

• Tycho Brahe was born in Denmark in 1546 to a noble family. He was the nephew of Jorges Brahe, a sailor who gave his life in an effort to save the life of King .

​Tycho Brahe - Biography, Facts and Pictures - Famous Scientists
www.famousscientists.org › tycho-brahe

• Tycho Brahe was a larger than life aristocratic astronomer whose observations became the foundation for a new understanding of the solar system and ...

Great Minds: Tycho Brahe, the Astronomer With a Pet Elk

In the late 16th century, Tycho Brahe built an observatory on an island and collecting some of the most accurate data ever. He also lost his nose in a duel with a classmate -- over who was the better mathematician. ​

​Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times | NASA
www.nasa.gov › kepler › education › johannes

• Johannes Kepler was born about 1 PM on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt, Württemberg, in the Holy Roman Empire of German Nationality. He was a ...

‎Short Biography · ‎Kepler's Firsts · ‎Kepler's Laws · ‎People and Events in ...

​Johannes Kepler - Biography, Facts and Pictures
​www.famousscientists.org › johannes-kepler

• Johannes Kepler · an unorthodox Protestant · a follower of Copernicus and Galileo · a brilliant mathematician and scientist who discovered that the solar system's ...

​Johannes Kepler Biography | Space
www.space.com › 15787-johannes-kepler​

• Nov 20, 2017 - When Johannes Kepler was born in the late 16th century, people thought that planets in the solar system traveled in circular orbits around Earth ...

Johannes Kepler: God’s Mathematician

Kepler’s First Law of Motion - Elliptical Orbits (Astronomy)

​Socratica
With his first law of planetary motion, Kepler rejected circular orbits and showed that an ellipse could better explain the observed motions of Mars. Generalized to all planets, it states that the orbit of a planet follows an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. We have videos for all 3 laws! Kepler's 1st Law: http://bit.ly/1XCVRSQ
Kepler's 2nd Law:http://bit.ly/1lzhLVQ
Kepler's 3rd Law: http://bit.ly/1MZ35bR

Galileo Galilei - HISTORY
www.history.com › topics › inventions › galileo-galilei​

• Jul 23, 2010 - Galileo's Early Life, Education and Experiments. Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa in 1564, the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician ...

Galileo Galilei | New Scientist
www.newscientist.com › people › galileo-galilei

• 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642 (aged 77) The founder of modern physics. Justus Sustermans. Galileo Galilei was the founder of modern physics.

​History - Galileo Galilei - BBC
www.bbc.co.uk › history › historic_figures › galilei_ga...

• Galileo Galilei was born on 15 February 1564 near Pisa, the son of a musician. He began to study medicine at the University of Pisa but changed to philosophy ...

Galileo's Revolutionary Vision Helped Usher In Modern ...
www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › Galileos-...

• "Galileo's work with the telescope unleashed the notion that ours is a sun-centered solar system and not an Earth-centered solar system," says Pitts. In other words, ..

Galileo - Physicist | Mini Bio | BIO

Watch a short biography video of Galileo, the "the father of modern physics." #Biography Subscribe for more Biography: http://aetv.us/2AsWMPH Delve deeper into Biography on our site: http://www.biography.com

​Biographics - Galileo Galilei: Father of Modern Science

Meet Galileo Galilei

​Meet Galileo Galilei, hailed as the ‘father’ of modern observational astronomy, in our great free video. This video is packed full of facts and information about Galileo and is an entertaining resource to help children describe how a significant individual has influenced the UK and wider world. It's just one of over 1000 resources available on The Hub, our online portal for schools using Cornerstones. For more information, click here: https://cornerstoneseducation.co.uk/p...

How Galileo’s Invention Caused an Academic Scandal

​In the early 17th century, Galileo Galilei enjoyed a celebrity status at the University of Padua, where he published his first work in 1606. But, when an eager rival accused him of plagiarism shortly theafter, Galileo’s integrity was called into question. In this First Look video, discover how the father of modern physics restored his good name and quashed claims of illegitimacy. Sotheby’s sale of The Erwin Tomash Library offers the rare opportunity to own the three seminal texts at the heart of this historic controversy (18–19 September | London)

Scientific Methods

The Scientific Methods: Crash Course History of Science #14

​Historically speaking, there is no one scientific method. There’s more than one way to make knowledge. In this episode we're going to look at a few of those ways and how they became more of the "norm."

Science Fair Project Ideas - Over 2,000 Free Science Projects ...
www.education.com › science-fair

• We offer free science fair ideas suitable for every grade level, be it preschool, kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, or high school. Check the boxes ...

EDU in 90: Google Science Fair

Get your students’ imaginations ready! On this episode of EDU in 90, learn all about the Google Science Fair, and how you can get involved. ​

3 Life Changing Science Fair Discoveries

​The 2014 Google Science Fair winners were just announced, and Trace is here to discuss some of the incredible winning projects! Read More: 7 Amazing Google Science Fair Projects http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/b.

Science Fair Trailer #1 (2018) | Movieclips Indie

Check out the official Science Fair trailer directed by Cristina Costantini & Darren Foster! Let us know what you think in the comments below.

​A Data Scientific Method. How to take a pragmatic and goal ...
towardsdatascience.com › a-data-scientific-method-80c...

• Feb 18, 2019 - How to take a pragmatic and goal-driven approach to data science. Peter Turner ... As these fields are subject to rampant evolution, so more so is data science. ... How could we use the Scientific Method to determine the problem? ... We find it immeasurably helpful to get a very clear sense of what we are ...

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​Steps of the Scientific Method - Science Buddies
www.sciencebuddies.org › science-fair › steps-of-the-sc...

• The scientific method is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions. Does this mean all scientists follow exactly this ...

4 Things We Believed Before the Scientific Method | What the Stuff?!

​Before science brought us to this point, even some our most brilliant thinkers had some REALLY weird ideas... 10 Things We Thought Were True Before the Scientific Method: http://science.howstuffworks.com/inno...

Nature of Science

​Explore the nature of science with The Amoeba Sisters. This video discusses why there is not just one universal scientific method as well as the importance of credible sources when researching. Vocab in experimental design including "control group," "constants," "independent variable," and "dependent variable" are discussed. Video additionally shows how to place variables on a hypothetical graph. Factual References: -OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e.... -Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2011). Campbell biology. Boston: Benjamin Cummings / Pearson.

Anatomy

The New Anatomy: Crash Course History of Science #15

There’s a question to consider that’s pretty daunting: what is life? And to try to answer that question, three tools stand out as being especially useful: A book, some experiments, and the microscope! In this episode, Hank talks to us about all kinds of gross things! It's fun!

​A 500 Year History of Teaching and Learning Anatomy: Online ...
www.medicalheritage.org › 2016/10/07 › a-500-year-h...​

• Oct 7, 2016 - Modern knowledge of human anatomy has its foundation in the work of Galen of Pergamon, a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher who ...

Human Body 101 | National Geographic

​How does the human body work? What roles do the digestive, reproductive, and other systems play? Learn about human anatomy and the complex processes that help your body function.

What Color is Your Blood?

​What color is your blood. Red, right? Well, actually, yes. So why does it look blue when you see it through your skin? And is everyone's blood always the same color red (spoiler: no)? Do all animals have red blood ('nother spoiler: no!)? And why is red blood red anyway? Hank gives you the facts on vampires' favorite beverage.

​The Science of Anatomy - NCBI
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles › PMC5380415

• Mar 30, 2017 - ... the history of human anatomy and was the first illustrated scientific work to evoke astonishment and admiration from the scientific community.

by O Habbal - ‎2017 - ‎Cited by 5 - ‎Related articles

Ancient Rome’s most notorious doctor - Ramon Glazov

​Learn about the Greek physician and philosopher Galen of Pergamon, whose experiments and discoveries changed medicine. -- In the 16th century, an anatomist named Andreas Vesalius made a shocking discovery: the most famous human anatomy texts in the world were wrong. While Vesalius knew he was right, announcing the errors would mean challenging Galen of Pergamon. Who was this towering figure? And why was he still revered and feared 1,300 years later? Ramon Glazov profiles the most renowned physician in medical history. Lesson by Ramon Glazov, directed by Anton Bogaty.

​The Fabrica of Andreas Vesalius: The Father of Modern ...
www.ohsu.edu › historical-collections-archives › fabric...

• The Fabrica is the most famous anatomy book ever written and also the first book on human anatomy to be reasonably accurate. The Fabrica is famous for its ...

Andreas Vesalius - De humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem

​De humani corporis fabrica libri septem. Vesalius, Andreas.

The Exchange

The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course History of Science #16

Over the last four episodes, we’ve examined some of the stories that make up the idea of a “revolution” in knowledge-making in Europe. But we can’t understand this idea fully, without unpacking another one—the so called Age of Exploration. This encompasses a lot of events that happened from 1400 through the 1600s and were driven in part by new ideas about knowledge-making. ​

​How the Columbian Exchange Flattened Biodiversity - The ...
www.theatlantic.com › science › archive › 2018/08 › h...

• Aug 24, 2018 - After 12,000 years of separation, Native Americans met Europeans on unequal terms. Almost all the major species of domesticated livestock were ...

The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans and the Land ...nationalhumanitiescenter.org › ... › Native Americans​

• The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds Alfred W. Crosby, Professor Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin

Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian Exchange | History ...
www.smithsonianmag.com › history › alfred-w-crosby-...

• Oct 4, 2011 - The historian discusses the ecological impact of Columbus' landing in 1492 on both the Old World and the New World. Columbian Exchange.

​The Columbian Exchange - NCpedia | NCpedia
www.ncpedia.org › anchor › columbian-exchange

• The Columbian Exchange. Written By: J.R. McNeill. When Christopher Columbus and his crew arrived in the New World, two biologically distinct worlds were ...

Columbian Exchange Reading Activity
www.nps.gov › learn › education › classrooms › upload
DOC

• The term is used to describe the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), diseases, and ideas between ...

How Fruit Came To The New World

Would it surprise you the fruit in an all-American apple pie, isn't actually American at all. It actually originates from parts of Asia! The same goes for so much of the fruit and vegetables we eat. Trace shows us the Old World foods that became staples of New World diets. ​

Columbian Exchange

​The early encounters between Europeans and Native Americans brings about a cultural exchange that benefits one group while bringing misery to the other. While Europeans are introduced to new crops, the Indians are plagued with Old World diseases.
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Newton & Leibniz

Newton and Leibniz: Crash Course History of Science #17 ​

The standard story of the Scientific Revolution culminates with the long life of one man: Sir Isaac Newton—a humble servant of the Royal Mint, two-time parliamentarian, and a scientific titan whose name, along with Einstein’s, is synonymous with physics today.

​Gottfried Leibniz - Biography, Facts and Pictures
​www.famousscientists.org › gottfried-leibniz

• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also known as von Leibniz) was a prominent German mathematician, philosopher, physicist and statesman. Noted for his ...

Leibniz, Gottfried: Metaphysics | Internet
​Encyclopedia of ...
iep.utm.edu › leib-met

• The German rationalist philosopher, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), is one of the great renaissance men of Western thought. He has made significant contributions in several fields spanning the intellectual landscape, including mathematics, physics, logic, ethics, and theology.

Newton vs Leibniz (feat. Hannah Fry) - Objectivity #190

Hannah Fry returns to The Royal Society to investigate one of the juiciest debates in the history of science! More links below ↓↓↓ Featuring mathematician and broadcaster Hannah Fry speaking with Brady. 

Inside a mechanical calculator

​Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) - Biography
​- MacTutor History of ...
mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk › Biographies › Newton

• Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England Died 31 March 1727. London, England Summary. Isaac Newton was the greatest English mathematician of his generation. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the world has known.

Isaac Newton - Facts, Biography & Laws - HISTORY
www.history.com › topics › inventions › isaac-newton

• Mar 10, 2015 - Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1927) was an English mathematician and physicist who developed influential theories on light, calculus and celestial ...

​SciShow Kids - Happy Birthday, Sir Isaac Newton!

There's a birthday party at the fort, for one of history's most important scientists, Isaac Newton! ​

​​Falling Balls | A Moment of Science | PBS

This time on a Moment of Science... A Moment of Science is a production of Indiana Public Media, in cooperation with Indiana University's scientific community and scientists around the world. ​

​Biographics - Isaac Newton: The Man and his Hidden Life

Chemistry

The New Chemistry: Crash Course History of Science #18

One of the problems with the whole idea of a single Scientific Revolution is that some disciplines decided not to join any revolution. And others just took a long time to get there. ​

The controversial origins of the Encyclopedia - Addison Anderson

​View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-contro... The first encyclopedia contained 70,000 entries and over 20,000,000 words. It was broken into 35 volumes written over the course of 3 decades. It was also banned by Louis XV and Pope Clement XIII. But why was this encyclopedia so controversial, and who wrote it in the first place? Addison Anderson recounts the controversial origins of the first encyclopedia. Lesson by Addison Anderson, animation by Patrick Smith.

The History of the Encyclopedia: Pliny and Diderot to Voyager One and Wikipedia

​In this video, I look at the history of the encyclopedia and the biases that have underwritten the writings over time. Pliny the Elder is widely considered as the first encyclopedist, but the first modern encyclopedia was produced by Denis Diderot in the Eighteenth Century. We can see the links between these great old encyclopedias of knowledge and the displacement of the Encyclopedia Britannica by Wikipedia, and the new questions that have arisen out of the digitization of information in the information age. I also take a look at Voyager One and the contents of this interstellar encyclopedia.

​History of Chemistry | Famous Chemists | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 46020-chemistry-history

• May 31, 2014 - In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of chemistry. Humans have always sought to identify, use and change the materials in our ...

​Antoine Lavoisier - Biography, Facts and Pictures
www.famousscientists.org › antoine-lavoisier

• Beginnings. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier was born into a privileged family on August 26, 1743 in France's capital city, Paris. His father was Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, a ...

​Antoine Laurent Lavoisier The Chemical Revolution - Landmark
www.acs.org › education › whatischemistry › landmarks

• The Life of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). "Lavoisier was a Parisian through and through and a child of the enlightenment," wrote biographer Henry ...

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier | Science History Institute
www.sciencehistory.org › historical-profile › antoine-la...

• Dec 11, 2017 - Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, a meticulous experimenter, revolutionized chemistry. He established the law of conservation of mass, determined that combustion and respiration are caused by chemical reactions with what he named “oxygen,” and helped systematize chemical nomenclature, among many other accomplishments.

Antoine Lavoisier and the Origin of Modern Chemistry | OpenMind

​This is the 12th episode in the animated video series "Amazing Moments in Science". Watch more videos of the series: http://bbva.info/2wTWldg

Antoine Lavoisier - conservation of mass

from BBC Einstein's Big Idea

Plasma, The Most Common Phase of Matter in the Universe

​Get to know plasma, the most common, but probably least understood, phase of matter in the universe!

Biology

Biology Before Darwin: Crash Course History of Science #19

You’ve probably heard of Charles Darwin, but before we get to him, you really need to understand how different people, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tried to answer the same question: “what is life?” ​

Maria Sibylla Merian - BOTANICAL ART & ARTISTS
​www.botanicalartandartists.com › about-maria-sibylla-mer...

• Maria Sibylla Merian was a Naturalist, Entymologist and Botanical Illustrator and is rated as being one ...

A Pioneering Woman of Science Re‑Emerges After 300 Years ...
www.nytimes.com › 2017/01/23 › science › maria-siby...

• Jan 23, 2017 - Maria Sibylla Merian, like many European women of the 17th century, stayed busy managing a household and rearing children. But on top of ...

​Maria Sibylla Merian, The Woman Who Made Science ...
www.theatlantic.com › science › archive › 2016/01 › th...

• Jan 19, 2016 - Paintbrush in hand, Merian recorded each stage of their life cycles, noting every change and movement. She depicted the silkworm moth from ...

The incredible story of the woman who crossed the world for bugs - Maria Sibylla Merian

​Maria Sibylla Merian was not just a fantastic artist, she is partly responsible for making entomology (the study of bugs!) what it is today. And, believe it or not, she was also the first person to ever go on a real scientific expedition. Find out how she accomplished all this in one lifetime and became one of My Girl Heroes. I'm Guenevere. My dad and I make videos of My Girl Heroes. Do you have a suggestion for my next hero? Leave a comment. Transcript available at http://www.mygirlheroes.com

The Metamorphosis of a Dragonfly

​This short film documented the magical transformation (metamorphosis) of a dragonfly from its nymph to an adult. All footages were captured with an iPhone 6s from May 25th 11pm to May 26th 7am. Metamorphosis is truly a wonder of nature. For high-res images and more photos of the nymph before the transformation: http://www.beautyofscience.com/blog/2...
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Joseph Banks | The Collectors | Natural History Museum

​Joseph Banks was a British explorer and naturalist, and as long-time President of the Royal Society he steered the course of British science for the first part of the nineteenth century. Find out how his pioneering work changed the face of our planet. This video is one of a series about the lives of some of the most influential naturalists in the Museum's history. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/sc...

​Discovery of Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis Education
​photosynthesiseducation.com › discovery-of-photosynt...​

• Photosynthesis was partially discovered in the 1600's by Jan Baptista van Helmont, a Belgian chemist, physiologist and physician. Helmont performed a 5-year experiment involving a willow tree which he planted in a pot with soil and placed in a controlled environment.

​How Did Plants Develop Photosynthesis? | Science ...
www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › how-did-...

• ... pivotal endosymbiotic event that endowed plants with the engine of photosynthesis happened just once in our planet's early history, in a common ancestor—a ...

Photosynthesis

​Do you know what happens during photosynthesis? Plants give out oxygen while making their food from Sunlight!!. Check out to see why Sunlight is so essential for Photosynthesis "Science it with Manu" is a series of science experiments that can be done very easily at home with everyday things. Even little kids can do them with a little adult supervision.

Photosynthesis Under the Microscope

Sped up microscopic footage of oxygen bubbles in water produced from photosynthesis. I used the aquatic plant anacharis (Egeria densa) and a Marimo ball (Aegagropila linnaei). Camera - Nikon D3300 Microscope - Leica ATC 2000 Microscope magnification of each shot is shown in the bottom right hand corner. ​

Carl Linnaeus: The Father of Taxonomy

Check out Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/biographics ​

Carl Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae

Clever Collections highlights the most important scientific artefacts owned by The Linnean Society of London. This video series shows how these priceless artefacts are still relevant to this very day. In this episode we learn about how Carl Linnaeus organised the natural world. ​

Carl Linnaeus’s Herbarium Cabinet

Clever Collections highlights the most important scientific artefacts owned by The Linnean Society of London. This video series shows how these priceless artefacts are still relevant to this very day. In this episode we learn about how Carl Linnaeus stored his plant specimens and their significance to modern science. ​

Earth Sciences

Earth Science: Crash Course History of Science #20

​It's Earth Science time!!!! In this field, natural philosophers were asking questions like, what’s up with fossils? Are they the remains of extinct organisms? Or are they so-called “sports of nature”—rocks that just happen to look like living things but don’t /mean/ anything? And most importantly, how old is… everything?

​Evolution: Library: Georges Cuvier - PBS
www.pbs.org › wgbh › evolution › library

• Georges Cuvier. Darwin becomes increasingly convinced, collecting and examining fossils from his voyage on the HMS Beagle, ...

​Georges Cuvier - Biography, Facts and Pictures
www.famousscientists.org › georges-cuvier

• Lived 1769 – 1832. Georges Cuvier is regarded as the father of paleontology. He convinced a skeptical scientific world of the reality of species extinction. He.

The Discovery of Extinction

​Georges Cuvier proved extinction happens. But can we stop it from happening now?

​James Hutton: The Founder of Modern Geology | AMNH
www.amnh.org › learn-teach › earth-inside-and-out › j...

• James Hutton (1726–1797), a Scottish farmer and naturalist, is known as the founder of modern geology. He was a great observer of the world around him.

​James Hutton - Biography, Facts and Pictures
www.famousscientists.org › james-hutton​

• Lived 1726 - 1797. James Hutton transformed our concepts of the earth and the universe by deciphering the message carried by common rocks. He discovered ...

​Biography of James Hutton, Founder of Modern Geology
www.thoughtco.com › Evolution › Evolution Scientists​

• Jul 18, 2019 - James Hutton (June 3, 1726–March 26, 1797) was a Scottish

Great Minds: James Hutton, Founder of Geology

Rocks are more than just rocks, they're the key to Earth's history! ​

James Hutton, "father of modern geology"

James Hutton: "father of modern geology", as written in the main entrance of the Great Institute of the University of Edinburgh (Scotland) This video is part of MINIGEOLOGY.COM a channel where I interview bright geologists to uncover their mindset and discover how they approach a problem, their work, life: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoJl...

The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #21

​You probably know some of the signs of industrialization in the nineteenth century: Trains connected cities, symbolizing progress. But they also brought about the destruction of rural lands, divisions between social classes, and rapid urbanization. But there's a whole lot more to talk about in this episode of History of Science!

How inventions change history (for better and for worse) - Kenneth C. Davis

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-inventi... Invented in 1793, the cotton gin changed history for good and bad. By allowing one field hand to do the work of 10, it powered a new industry that brought wealth and power to the American South -- but, tragically, it also multiplied and prolonged the use of slave labor. Kenneth C. Davis lauds innovation, while warning us of unintended consequences. Lesson by Kenneth C. Davis, animation by Sunni Brown.

​Industrial Revolution for Kids - A simple yet comprehensive overview

ndustrial Revolution for Kids - a simple yet comprehensive overview to help your kids/students better understand and appreciate everything that went into the industrial revolution. Together we will learn about how people during this time worked hard to provide everything that they had, from working the fields to sewing their own clothes. During this period, home and many other goods were transferred into factories to help build things faster and more efficiently. The industrial revolution helped shape the world as we know it today! Use this video side by side with our Industrial Revolution Lesson plan found on our website. Industrial Revolution Lesson Plan: https://www.clarendonlearning.org/les... ​

​Industrial Revolution: Definitions, Causes & Inventions ...
www.history.com › topics › industrial-revolution

• The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and ...

​Industrial Revolution and Technology | National Geographic ...www.nationalgeographic.org › article › industrial-revol...

• Jan 9, 2020 - The term “industrial revolution” is a succinct catchphrase to describe a historical period, starting in 18th-century Great Britain, where the pace of ...

​PBS - Mill Times - David Macaulay

​This animated program centers on a small New England community similar to Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where Samuel Slater established America's first textile mill. Live action hosted by David Macaulay, takes viewers from Manchester, England, to Lowell, Massachusetts, explaining technological changes that transformed the making of textiles, a key component of the Industrial Revolution sweeping across Europe and America in the late 18th century.

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Mill Times - David Macaulay

​This animated program centers on a small New England community similar to Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where Samuel Slater established America's first textile mill. Live action hosted by David Macaulay, takes viewers from Manchester, England, to Lowell, Massachusetts, explaining technological changes that transformed the making of textiles, a key component of the Industrial Revolution sweeping across Europe and America in the late 18th century.

The Industrial Revolution | BBC Documentary

​The Industrial Revolution was one of the greatest transformative moments in history, revolutionising the way humans worked, how they ordered their societies and how they thought about their lives all over the world. But was it really a happy coincidence that a handful of geniuses unleashed the fruits of their inventiveness on a grateful nation at roughly the same time? And if so why did it happen in Britain as opposed to France or Germany or even the United States? Told with an international perspective, Professor Jeremy Black explores how a unique international position allowed 19th century Britain to become the richest, most powerful nation on earth and to set in motion the changes that soon swept over the planet.

Natural Selection

Darwin and Natural Selection: Crash Course History of Science #22

"Survival of the Fittest" sounds like a great WWE show but today we're talking about that phrase as it relates to Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Darwin and Wallace are at the heart of understanding evolution and natural selection. Today, Hank talks about their wonderful (if not seasick inducing) trips around the world. ​

NOVA - ​What Darwin Never Knew | PBS America

What Darwin Never Knew reveals answers to riddles that Darwin could not explain. NOVA takes viewers on a journey from the Galapagos Islands to the Arctic, and to the research labs of today. Scientists are finally beginning to crack nature's biggest secrets at the genetic level. The results are confirming the brilliance of Darwin's insights while exposing clues to life's breathtaking diversity in ways the great naturalist could scarcely have imagined.
The program travels from the Galapagos Islands to Antarctica, from the Cambrian explosion of animal forms half a billion years ago to the research labs of today, where scientists are able to explain at the genetic level the processes responsible for the complex development and vast diversity of life. The results are confirming the brilliance of Darwin's insights while revealing clues to life's breathtaking diversity in ways that the great naturalist could scarcely have imagined.

​See the full episode at http://video.pbs.org/video/1372073556 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolutio...

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• The Zoo of You In this interactive, see how closely parts of your body match those in other animals, from sharks to fruit flies.
• The Evolution Lab In this game explore the tree of life and get a front row seat to what some have called the greatest show on Earth.
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• Explore the Galapagos With a multimedia map, see the islands as they are today and learn how they inspired Darwin.
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Darwin's Darlings: Meat-Eating Plants

​SciShow describes the fascinating science of Darwin's little darlings: meat-eating plants. Learn about their many different types, how they catch and eat their prey, and how scientists think they evolved.

This is NOT What Evolution Looks Like

Hank explains where that over-simplified image of evolution comes from and what it is actually supposed to mean. ​

​The Evolution of Charles Darwin | Science | Smithsonian ...

• www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › the-evolu...​​Darwin's five-week visit to these remarkable islands catalyzed the scientific revolution that now bears his name. Darwin's revolutionary theory was that new species ...

​Darwin's Theory of Evolution: Definition & Evidence | Live ...
www.livescience.com › 474-controversy-evolution-works

• Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and natural selection isn't an idea with holes. It's one of the most solid theories in science. But what exactly is it?

​Charles Darwin | National Geographic Society
www.nationalgeographic.org › encyclopedia › charles-...​

• Aug 23, 2019 - British naturalist Charles Darwin is credited for the theory of natural selection. While he is indeed most famous, Alfred Wallace, simultaneously ...

​Biographics - ​Charles Darwin Biography: Evolution and Religion

Darwin's Darkest Hour
A two-hour drama on the crisis that forced Darwin to publish his theory of evolution ​

This two-hour scripted drama tells the remarkable story behind the unveiling of the most influential scientific theory of all time, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The program is a special presentation from NOVA and National Geographic Television, written by acclaimed British screenwriter John Goldsmith and directed by John Bradshaw.
Darwin, portrayed by Henry Ian Cusick (Lost), spent years refining his ideas and penning what he called his "big book." Yet, daunted by looming conflict with the orthodox religious values of his day, he resisted publishing–until a letter from naturalist Alfred Wallace forced his hand. In 1858, Darwin learned that Wallace was ready to publish ideas very similar to his own. In a sickened panic, Darwin grasped his dilemma: To delay publishing any longer would be to condemn his greatest work to obscurity–the brilliant argument he had pieced together with clues from his voyage on the Beagle, his adventures in the Andes, the bizarre fossils of Patagonia, the finches and giant tortoises of the Galapagos, as well as the British countryside. But to come forward with his ideas risked the fury of the Church and perhaps a rift with his own devoted wife, Emma, portrayed by Frances O'Connor (Mansfield Park, The Importance of Being Earnest), who was a devout Christian.
"Darwin's Darkest Hour" is a moving drama about the genesis of a groundbreaking theory seen through the inspiration and personal sufferings of its originator.

---

​​https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/darwins-darkest-hour.html

​RELATED LINKS

• Capturing Darwin's Dilemma Scriptwriter John Goldsmith on the historical research behind "Darwin's Darkest Hour"
• Being Charles Darwin Stepping into Darwin's shoes changed actor Henry Ian Cusick's views both about the man and evolution.
• The Evolution LabIn this game explore the tree of life and get a front row seat to what some have called the greatest show on Earth.
• Explore the Galapagos With a multimedia map, see the islands as they are today and learn how they inspired Darwin.
• Darwin's Predictions Over 150 years later, science continues to confirm most of Darwin's conjectures.
• Darwin's Darkest Hour Access a robust selection of interactives, video clips, and lesson plans to accompany this NOVA program.
• Great Minds Think Alike Sean Carroll tells the remarkable story of the other father of evolution by natural selection: Alfred Russel Wallace.

​How Evolution Works (And How We Figured It Out)

​As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary when it was first introduced. With the help of all three of our hosts and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s new Deep Time Hall, we’ll try to explain how evolution actually works and how we came to understand it. This episode was written by Darcy Shapiro. Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios

Eugenics 

Eugenics and Francis Galton: Crash Course History of Science #23

After Darwin blew the doors off the scientific community, a lot of people did some weird and unscientific stuff with his ideas. Francis Galton and a few others decided natural selection could be used to make the human race "better" and came up with Eugenics. ​

​Workout | Mensa International
www.mensa.org › workout​

• This quiz is provided for entertainment purposes only; it is not an IQ test. This score will not ... Mensa offers culture-fair testing throughout the world. Many of the ...

​The birth of American intelligence testing
www.apa.org › monitor › 2009/01 › assessment​

• This psychologist provided a valuable assessment tool, but also gave fodder to eugenics proponents, who led a dark chapter in American history.

The dark history of IQ tests - Stefan C. Dombrowski

​Explore the history of IQ tests; how they measure a person’s intelligence and the ways they have been used to justify scientifically baseless ideologies. -- In 1905, psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon designed a test for children who were struggling in school in France. Designed to determine which children required individualized attention, their method formed the basis of the modern IQ test. So how do IQ tests work, and are they a true reflection of intelligence? Stefan C. Dombrowski explores how the tests have been used throughout history. Lesson by Stefan C. Dombrowski, directed by Kozmonot Animation Studios.

Does IQ Really Measure How Smart You Are?

​People say Einstein had an IQ of 160, and you need an IQ score higher than 130 to join Mensa. But does IQ really measure how intelligent you are?

​Human Testing, the Eugenics Movement, and IRBs | Learn ...www.nature.com › scitable › topicpage › human-testing...

• From this work, he coined the term "eugenics," meaning "well born," and theorized that humanity could be improved by encouraging the fittest members of society ...

Eugenics - HISTORY
www.history.com › topics › germany › eugenics

• Nov 15, 2017 - Eugenics is the practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits. It aims to reduce human suffering by “breeding out” disease, disabilities and so-called undesirable characteristics from the human population.

Chapter 1 | The Eugenics Crusade

​Preview the beginning of THE EUGENICS CRUSADE. THE EUGENICS CRUSADE premieres Tuesday, October 16 at 9/8c on PBS. Learn more and find where to watch the full film at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexpe... A hybrid derived from the Greek words meaning “well” and “born,” the term eugenics was coined in 1883 by Sir Francis Galton, a British cousin to Charles Darwin, to name a new “science” through which human beings might take charge of their own evolution. The Eugenics Crusade tells the story of the unlikely –– and largely unknown –– movement that turned the fledgling scientific theory of heredity into a powerful instrument of social control.

​The Forgotten Lessons of the American Eugenics Movement ...
www.newyorker.com › books › page-turner › the-forg...

• Apr 27, 2016 - Andrea DenHoed on Adam Cohen's book “Imbeciles,” which revisits the Supreme Court that legalized forced sterilization for eugenic purposes.

A Dangerous Idea: The History of Eugenics in America (HD)

​Exactly 92 years after the infamous Buck v. Bell decision, the Center presents a partial screening of “A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream”—an award-winning documentary exploring the legal history of the eugenics movement in the United States. Following the screening, join the film’s co-writer and executive producer Andrew Kimbrell, acclaimed author and journalist Daniel Okrent, and law and bioethics scholars Paul Lombardo and Dorothy Robertsfor a conversation exploring the dark history of eugenics and the Constitution. Jeffrey Rosen, president and CEO of the National Constitution Center, moderates.

Micro-Biology

Micro-Biology: Crash Course History of Science #24

It's all about the SUPER TINY in this episode of Crash Course: History of Science. In it, Hank Green talks about germ theory, John Snow (the other one), pasteurization, and why following our senses isn't always the worst idea. ​

​Joseph Lister's antisepsis system | Science Museum
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk › medicine › listers-antise...

• Oct 14, 2018 - The science of germ theory. The French scientist Louis Pasteur speculated that the spread of microorganisms (called germs) in the body could ...

​Lazzaro Spallanzani — Google Arts & Culture
artsandculture.google.com › entity › lazzaro-spallanzani

• Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functio...

​SciShow: 3 People Who Probably Saved Your Life

...3 scientists who, through their collective inventions and discoveries, have saved millions of lives. ​

​TedEd- How a few scientists transformed the way we think about disease - Tien Nguyen

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-a-few-s...
This video was created with support from the U.S. Office of Research Integrity: http://ori.hhs.gov. For several centuries, people though diseases were caused by wandering clouds of poisonous vapor. We now know that this theory is pretty ridiculous, and that diseases are caused by specific bacteria. But how did we get to this new idea of germ theory? Tien Nguyen describes the work of several scientists who discredited a widely accepted theory in a way that was beneficial to human health.
​Lesson by Tien Nguyen, animation by Brandon Denmark.

Edward Jenner

​History - Edward Jenner - BBC
www.bbc.com › history › historic_figures › jenner_ed...​

• Edward Jenner © Jenner was an English doctor, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination and the father of immunology. Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, Gloucestershire on 17 May 1749, the son of the local vicar. At the age of 14, he was apprenticed to a local surgeon and then trained in London.

​History of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC
www.cdc.gov › smallpox › history › history

• Edward Jenner (1749–1823). Photo courtesy of the National Library of Medicine. Global Smallpox Eradication Program. In 1959, the World Health Organization ...

How we conquered the deadly smallpox virus - Simona Zompi

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-we-conq... For 10,000 years, humanity suffered from the scourge of smallpox. The virus killed almost a third of its victims within two weeks and left survivors horribly scarred. But Simona Zompi commends the brave souls -- a Buddhist nun, a boy, a cow, a dairymaid and physician Edward Jenner -- who first stopped the spread of this disastrous disease, to make us smallpox-free today. Lesson by Simona Zompi, animation by Augenblick Studios.

Louis Pasteur 

​Our History - Institut Pasteur
www.pasteur.fr › institut-pasteur › history​

• Louis Pasteur, a qualified chemist, was behind the most important scientific revolutions of the 19th century in the fields of biology, agriculture, medicine and ...

​Louis Pasteur: Biography & Quotes | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 43007-louis-pasteur

• Jan 31, 2014 - Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist whose work changed medicine. He proved that germs cause disease; he developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies; and he created the process of pasteurization.

​Louis Pasteur | Science History Institute
www.sciencehistory.org › historical-profile › louis-past...

• Dec 14, 2017 - Louis Pasteur. During the mid- to late 19th century Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms cause disease and discovered how to make ...

​Biographics - ​Louis Pasteur: The Man Who Saved Billions of Lives

​The Immune System Explained I – Bacteria Infection

​Every second of your life you are under attack. Bacteria, viruses, spores and more living stuff wants to enter your body and use its resources for itself. The immune system is a powerful army of cells that fights like a T-Rex on speed and sacrifices itself for your survival. Without it you would die in no time. This sounds simple but the reality is complex, beautiful and just awesome. An animation of the immune system.

Honey: Bacteria's Worst Enemy

​It may not look like it sitting in that cute bear bottle, but honey is a supercharged bacteria-killing powerhouse! Learn more about hydrogen peroxide: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVSC7...

SciShow: 3 World-Changing Biology Experiments

Hank tells us the stories of three experiments in biology that, with creativity and luck, changed science & the world with it in their work to solve the mysteries of the universe. ​

Lazzaro Spallanzani

​Life from Nonliving Things: Redi's Experiment |
​Evolution ...
www.uzinggo.com › history-earth-life › life-science

• Lazzaro Spallanzani designed an experiment to test this hypothesis. Spallanzani used two flasks of broth. He completely sealed one flask of broth from the air.

​The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation (1668-1859)
webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu › cellintro › cellintro_reading

• In spite of his well-executed experiment, the belief in spontaneous generation ... An Italian priest, Lazzaro Spallanzani, was not convinced, and he suggested ...

Cell Theory

​History of the Cell: Discovering the Cell | National Geographic ...
www.nationalgeographic.org › article › history-cell-dis...

• May 23, 2019 - This idea, part of the cell theory, is one of the central tenants of biology. Cell theory also states that cells are the basic functional unit of living ...

​Cell Theory | HowStuffWorks - Science | HowStuffWorks
science.howstuffworks.com › ... › Scientific Experiments

• Cell Theory - Cell theory was made possible by the invention of the microscope. Learn more about the evolution of and the people involved in cell theory.

Amoeba Sisters - Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour

Microscope

​How to Buy the Right Microscope :: GreatScopes
www.greatscopes.com › microscope​

• We'll discuss student/hobbyist compound microscopes. What you will learn will certainly have some bearing on the selection of professional and stereo inspection ...

​History of Microscopes - Microscope.com www.microscope.com › history-of-microscopes

• History of Microscopes. Timeline of the Microscope. 14th century: spectacles first made in Italy. 1590: Two Dutch spectacle-makers and father-and-son team, ...

History of the Microscope - Vision Engineering
www.visioneng.us › history-of-the-microscope

• Jul 14, 2020 - Then, around 1600, it was discovered that optical instruments could be made by combining lenses. The First Microscopes.

History of microscopy – timeline — Science Learning Hub
www.sciencelearn.org.nz › resources › 1692-history-of...

• Sep 30, 2016 - 1590 – Early microscope. Zacharias Janssen and his son Hans place multiple lenses in a tube. They observe that viewed objects in front of the ..

​Microscope: The Tube That Changed the World

FuseSchool - Global Education - How to use a Microscope | Cells | Biology | FuseSchool

How to Make a Microscope From Scratch

​After learning how to correct my vision by making eyeglasses from scratch, now I want to learn how to use optics to extend my vision to see the invisible world with a microscope. Thank you to foldscope with their assistance in making this possible! Check out their product here: http://foldscope.com

Genetics

Genetics - Lost and Found: Crash Course History of Science #25

Sometimes trail blazers of science aren't famous like Darwin or Pasteur. Sometimes they're humble Abbots, just growing peas in the back of their Abbey. This is the story of Gregor Mendel and how his work was done, lost, then found again. ​

Are Bananas Doomed? | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 65830-will-bananas-go-extinct

• Jun 29, 2019 - The world's most popular banana is beset by a disease that could wipe it ... and team leader of the organization's banana-genetics resources.

Do People and Bananas Really Share 50 Percent of the Same ...
science.howstuffworks.com › ... › Genetic Science

• Nov 4, 2019 - Next, the scientists compared the protein sequence from each banana gene to every human gene. "The program compares how similar the ...

​Humans Made the Banana Perfect—But Soon, It'll Be Gone ...www.wired.com › 2017/03 › humans-made-banana-per...

• Mar 14, 2017 - Cavendish bananas are all genetically identical. Each banana you buy in the store is the clone of the one next to it. Every banana plant being ..

Building A Better Banana | Science | Smithsonian Magazine
www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › building-...​

• It is the supermarket banana's lack of genetic diversity that has put it at risk, perhaps even (as some scientists say) at risk of extinction. A similar situation with ...

​The banana is dying. The race is on to reinvent it before it's too ...
www.wired.co.uk › article › cavendish-banana-extincti...

• Oct 11, 2018 - TR4 only affects a particular type of banana called the Cavendish. ... His bananas contain genetic information from two organisms – the gene ...

The Terrifying Truth About Bananas

Hank loves bananas and is worried about their future, so he did some investigating and wrote this episode of SciShow to share some kinda scary banana truths with us. ​

​Banana DNA: a workshop on genetics. - Hwb
hwb.gov.wales › api › storage
PDF

• lesson plan and hands-on experimental workshop. ... ence between dominant and recessive genes. Keywords ... B) The Experiment – Banana DNA extraction.

​Classroom - Genetics Home Reference - NIH
ghr.nlm.nih.gov › resources​

• Aug 17, 2020 - Links to reliable genetics resources for teachers and students. ... or Experiment: Seeing Banana DNA (Arizona State University: Ask a Biologist) · Lesson Plan: Genetic Timeline (National Human Genome Research Institute) ...

History of Genetics - Biology - Kenyon College
​biology.kenyon.edu › courses › biol114 › Chap01 › hi...

• For thousands of years, humans have acted as agents of genetic selection, by breeding offspring with desired traits. All our domesticated animals (dogs, horses, ...

​From Mendel to epigenetics: History of genetics - ScienceDirect
​www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

• The origins of genetics are to be found in Gregor Mendel's memoir on plant hybridization (1865). However, the word 'genetics' was only coined in 1906, ...by J Gayon - ‎2016 - ‎Cited by 48 - ‎Related articles

​Timeline: Genetics | New Scientist
www.newscientist.com › article › dn9966-timeline-gene...

• Sep 4, 2006 - The history of genetics really begins almost 7000 years ago, with the first selective breeding of crops and livestock. Find out how it developed ...

Gregor Mendel: Great Minds

​Hank brings us the story of Gregor Mendel, the Austrian monk who, with the help of a garden full of pea plants, discovered the fundamental properties of inheritance and paved the way for modern genetics. He also gives us the dirt on a scientific scandal that has followed Mendel beyond the grave.

Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics

How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics - Hortensia Jiménez Díaz

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-mendel-... Each father and mother pass down traits to their children, who inherit combinations of their dominant or recessive alleles. But how do we know so much about genetics today? Hortensia Jiménez Díaz explains how studying pea plants revealed why you may have blue eyes. Lesson by Hortensia Jiménez Díaz, animation by Cinematic Sweden.

​Mendel's experiments — Science Learning Hub
www.sciencelearn.org.nz › 1999-mendel-s-experiments

• Aug 16, 2011 - Traits in pea plants. Mendel followed the inheritance of 7 traits in pea plants, and each trait had 2 forms. He identified pure-breeding pea ...

​Mendelian Genetics - Genetics Generationknowgenetics.org › mendelian-genetics

• Based on his pea plant studies, Mendel proposed that traits are always controlled by single genes. However, modern studies have revealed that most traits in ...

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics: Crash Course History of Science #26

​It's time to heat things up! LITERALLY! It's time for Hank to talk about the history of Thermodynamics!!! It's messy and there are a lot of people who came up with some ideas that worked and other that didn't and then some ideas that should have come first actually were figured out second.

Power Trip: The Story of Energy | PBS
www.pbs.org › show › power-trip-story-energy

• Power Trip: The Story of Energy. Add toMy List. The Farm Woman's Dream. Clip: 04/20/2020 | 1m 44s. 

History of Energy Use in the United States - Geology.com
geology.com › articles › history-of-energy-use

• It traces the quantity of energy consumed in the form of wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydroelectric power and nuclear in quadrillions of BTU. This allows the ...

​The History of Energy - Alliant Kids
​www.alliantenergykids.com › AllAboutEnergy › Histor...

• First fuels. The very first energy source was the sun, providing heat and light. Later a lightning strike sparked a fire. Fire was then used for many uses from ...

The Story Of Energy With Professor Jim Al-Khalili | Order and Disorder | Spark

​The great 19th-century Austrian physicist, Ludwig Boltzmann was one of the most important proponents of the idea that all matter is made of atoms. Today no one doubts this is true but in Boltzmann's day it was a controversial idea and many of his contemporaries disagreed with him. But Boltzmann used brilliant mathematical arguments to show that many aspects of the world we observe, like the behaviour of heat, can be explained if one accepts that atoms are real. Subscribe to Spark for more amazing science, tech and engineering videos - https://goo.gl/LIrlur

​Future Impact of Steam Power | TurbineGenerator
www.turbinegenerator.org › environmental-impact › fu...

• Steam power is currently a crucial component of the world's leading sources of electrical energy production: coal and natural gas power, nuclear power, and some ...

​Steam Power: Still Moving Us, Even in the 21st Century ...
www.discovermagazine.com › the-sciences › steam-po...​

• Jun 26, 2019 - It's in our power plants, underneath New York City and in our buffets. In our modern world, steam is still very much relevant. ... than steam, it packs a greater punch per volume, transferring more energy to the blades. ... With water as the only emission, these plants might play a key role in a low-carbon future.

​Thermodynamics - NASA
www.grc.nasa.gov › WWW › BGH › thermo​

• Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy and work of a system. It was born in the 19th century as scientists were first discovering how ...

​History of Thermodynamics
www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca › courses › history

• History of Thermodynamics. Background. Timeline. The Pioneers. Nicholas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796 - 1832) · Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822 - 1888).

​first law of thermodynamics | history of science 101historyofscience101.wordpress.com › tag › first-law-of-...

• Gradually, the idea that it was another form of energy, expressed as the movement of molecules gained ground. Heat is now regarded as a mode of transfer of ...

IT'S HISTORY - The Steam Machine Changes The World I THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

​How the Steam Engine Changed the World | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 2612-steam-engine-changed-w...​

• Jun 16, 2008 - Factories that still relied on wind or water power to drive their machines during the Industrial Revolution were confined to certain locales; steam ...

​The power behind the Industrial Revolution - The Telegraph
www.telegraph.co.uk › news › science › science-news

• Jun 22, 2000 - Steam engine: 1712 Innovative steam engines produced by Thomas Newcomen and developed by James Watt powered Britain to prominence ...

​Real Engineering - Steam Engine - How Does It Work

​Working Model of Stephenson's STEAM ENGINE made of GLASS ! Rare!

Electricity

Electricity: Crash Course History of Science #27

The study of electricity goes all the way back to antiquity. But, by the time electricity started to become more well known, a few familiar names started to appear. Edison, Galvani, and a few others really changed the way the world worked. ​

​History of Electricity - IER
www.instituteforenergyresearch.org › history-electricity​

• One of the greatest pioneers in electricity was Thomas Edison, who saw electricity as his “field of fields” to “reorganize the life of the world.” Working tirelessly on electricity from his laboratory in New Jersey in the 1870s, America's greatest inventor brought the incandescent electric light bulb into practical use ...

The History of Electricity | AEP Energy
www.aepenergy.com › 2020/01/10 › the-history-of-ele...​

• Jan 10, 2020 - Let's take a look into the history of electricity. You might just learn ... 1821 – Michael Faraday invented the first electric motor. 1832 – Hippolyte ...

​TVA Kids
www.tva.com › kids​

• Making electricity from sunshine and science. ... How You Can Save Electricity ... History. TVA is nearly 90, and we're proud of every year. Take a tour of the ...

IER - ​The Story of Electricity

​kidslearning junction - Introduction to Electricity- video for kids

​What is electricity?

Don't forget to subscribe to see what new technology and engineering videos we make for kids and families! Technovation is a tech education nonprofit that inspires people around the world to believe in themselves as leaders and become more confident, curious problem solvers. Learn more about our tech and AI education programs at https://www.technovation.org/ If used on your website, please credit Technovation and https://technovation.org

​The Future of the Electric Grid | MIT Energy Initiative
energy.mit.edu › research › future-electric-grid

• This report aims to provide a comprehensive, objective portrait of the U.S. electric grid and the challenges and opportunities it is likely to face over the next two ...

Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday | Science History Institute
www.sciencehistory.org › historical-profile › michael-f..

• Dec 5, 2017 - As a young man in London, Michael Faraday attended science lectures by the great Sir Humphry Davy. He went on to work for Davy and ...

Michael Faraday - Biography, Facts and Pictures
​www.famousscientists.org › michael-faraday

• Michael Faraday, who came from a very poor family, became one of the greatest scientists in history. His achievement was remarkable in a time when science ...

​History - Michael Faraday - BBC
www.bbc.com › history › historic_figures › faraday_mi...

• Michael Faraday © Faraday was a British chemist and physicist who contributed significantly to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. Michael Faraday was born on 22 September 1791 in south London. His family was not well off and Faraday received only a basic formal education.

The birth of the electric machines: a commentary on Faraday ...
​royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › rsta.2014.0208

• Jump to Experimental researches in electricity - The first experiment Faraday discusses in the paper ... in many ways mirrored that of Michael Faraday, was ...

​Electromagnetic Induction - MagLab
nationalmaglab.org › watch-play › interactive › electro...​

• Jun 17, 2019 - In 1831, Michael Faraday carried out numerous experiments to prove that ... To simulate Faraday's experiment, click and drag the bar magnet ...

How Michael Faraday Changed the World with a Magnet | Great Minds

From a blacksmith's son, to one of the most repeated names in physics textbooks, Michael Faraday epitomized the spirit of scientific exploration ​

Michael Faraday and the Electric Spark

​From bookbinder to world-class scientist. How did Faraday make it? Know more here: https://bbva.info/2WqgsfF

PBS | Einstein's Big Idea | Michael Faraday - Part 1

PBS | Einstein's Big Idea | Michael Faraday - Part 2

Michael Faraday's Electric Frogs

​Why did the Royal Institution used to have a froggery? Before more sophisticated methods for detecting electricity emerged, Michael Faraday and his colleagues used a rather brutal method… No frogs were harmed in the making of this video. Well, not since the 1800s.

Mass Production

Ford, Cars, and a New Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #28

Historians love to debate each other. So some of them pointed out that the first half of this revolution looks a lot different from the second. Let's chat about industry, cars, and Henry Ford.

Evolution of Refrigerators | The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation

The big news in the kitchen during the 1920s? Reliable, affordable electric refrigeration. As more homes had access to electric power, people replaced their messy wooden iceboxes with stylish, low maintenance refrigerators. Mo Rocca speaks with Curator of Domestic Life Jeanie Miller about the evolution of refrigerators. ​

​History of Electricity in Homes | The Henry Ford’s Innovation Nation

​Here's how consumption will change over the next decade ...
www.weforum.org › agenda › 2018/01 › how-consum...

• Jan 16, 2018 - Shifting values, expectations and motivations around culture, community ... How will the future of work shape the consumer's spending power?

The Consumer Economy and Mass Entertainment
​- Digital ...
www.digitalhistory.uh.edu › disp_textbook

• He set up the nation's first national consumer credit agency in 1919 to make his cars affordable. If Henry Ford demonstrated the efficacy of mass production, ...

Consumerism: Don't Blame the Market for Delivering What ...
mises.org › wire › consumerism-dont-blame-market-del...

• Aug 28, 2018 - Mises responds that capitalism is a system of mass production for the masses. It gives people what they want, so long as it is profitable to do so. “ ...

Society and Culture: Manufacturing a Consumer Culture | Vision
www.vision.org › consumerism-does-having-more-lead...

• Ours is a world of mass production. Clothes, furniture, toys, cars, food are produced in factories—large factories—somewhere. Because only a very few of us ...

Consumer Culture in the Late 19th Century

In the late 19th century, the construction of giant retail stores and the creation of mail-order catalogues brought about a new era of mass consumption in the United States.

Inventions In America's Growth (1850-1910) - Phonograph, Telephone, Electric Lamp 24860 HD

Support Our Channel : https://www.patreon.com/PeriscopeFilm Photographs, reconstructed models, and the recollections of Jonathan Sharpe, editor of Scientific American, are used to show the impact of inventions on life in America during the age of miracles, 1850-1910. Explains the influence of railroads and farm machinery on the economy of the country and on centers of population. Shows how life in urban areas was revolutionized by the phonograph, telephone, electric lamp, motor car, aeroplane, and radio. ​

Assembly Line & the Automobile

​Ford Motor Company unveils the Model T - HISTORY

• www.history.com › this-day-in-history › ford-motor-co...​On October 1, 1908, the first production Model T Ford is completed at the company's ... saved time and made it easy for unskilled workers to assemble the cars.

​CBS This Morning - Henry Ford's assembly line turns 100

​How Automotive Production Lines Work | HowStuffWork
sauto.howstuffworks.com › ... › Auto Manufacturing​

• Basically, a production line uses a division of labor. In a division of labor system, instead of each person doing an entire job from start to finish by themselves, ...

Ford Model A Assembly

Engines are built, fitted into chassis and more before being driven off the line at Highland Park factory. ​

​Model T Ford Club of America
​- The Largest Model T Club in ...
www.mtfca.com​

• Bringing together people who are interested in the Model T Ford, its history, its evolution, and its place in the American scene.

Model T build in about 10 minutes

​Model T build, built from frame to being able to drive it in about 10 minutes by the Model T and Model A club in Utah

​Ford's assembly line starts rolling - HISTORY
www.history.com › this-day-in-history › fords-assembl...

• On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took.

100 Years of the Moving Assembly Line in 100 Seconds | AutoMotoTV

​Henry Ford's Rouge - History - Ford Rouge Factory Tour
www.thehenryford.org › visit › history-and-timeline › f...

• ... of the Dearborn Assembly Plant. Although the war ended before the Ford Eagle Boats ever went into action, the effort did allow Ford to widen the Rouge River ...

Trip Through The River Rouge Plant

A tour of the immense Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Dearborn MI.

The Moving Assembly Line - Ford Motor Company
corporate.ford.com › articles › history › moving-assem...

• The moving assembly line changed the way automobiles are made. The $5 day brought workers to this new method of building cars. A common myth ..

Inside Ford's Moving Assembly Line | AutoMotoTV

Petrol (Gasoline)

​First American Oil Well - American Oil & Gas Historical Society
www.aoghs.org › petroleum-pioneers › american-oil-hi...

• American oil history begins along a creek in northwestern Pennsylvania on August 29, 1859, when Edwin L. Drake drills for oil and finds it at 69.5 feet.

Where Do We Get Oil From? - Geography for Kids | Educational Videos by Mocomi

https://mocomi.com/ presents: Where do we get oil from? The Earth’s surface, millions of years ago, was covered with more water than what it has today and ​

Geo History - Petroleum - summary of the modern history of oil

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS BETTER GAS - How it Works | SCIENCE GARAGE

We’ve all seen that cheap, discount gas station and wondered, “what’s the worst that can happen if I use that gas?” Today, we find out. Shell invited us to the Shell Technology Center in Houston to see all the work that a reputable fuel company puts into designing better fuels and oils that keep engines running at their best. Bart teaches us how cars work by blowing stuff up and cutting things in half. It’s a science show for the car lover who’s easily bored. Join Bart as he explains the science behind everything automotive. This is cars down to the atom. This is Science Garage. Some of our best videos ever are coming out soon, stay tuned so you won't miss a thing! ►Subscribe here: http://bit.ly/1JQ3qvO ​

​Fun Oil Facts for Kids - Interesting Information about Crude Oil ...
www.sciencekids.co.nz › sciencefacts › chemistry › oil

• Apr 11, 2020 - Crude oil is converted at oil refineries into a range of different fuels including gasoline (petrol), diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, liquefied petroleum ...

Crude Oil Fractions & Their Uses | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | FuseSchool

Learn the basics about the uses of crude oil fractions. Before watching this video you should watch our video explaining how crude oil is separated into it's different length hydrocarbon fractions by utilising the different boiling points of each hydrocarbon fraction. ​

​History of gasoline - U.S. Energy Information Administration ...
​www.eia.gov › energyexplained › history-of-gasoline

• Today, gasoline is the fuel for nearly all light-duty vehicles in the United States. Model T vehicle. Model T car. Source: Stock photography (copyrighted). Gasoline ...

US Auto Industry - The Story Of Gasoline (1924)

The Inside Story Of Modern Gasoline (Ca 1946)

US Auto Industry
Describes (in partly animated form: "talking gasoline drops," etc!) the refining of gasoline, its chemical breakdown, etc; excellent shots of gasoline stations (with the "Royal Crown" glass globes atop the gas pumps; striking images), and oil refineries. Good shots fo stop light changing from red to green; driver's POV on Western highway; CU speedometer accelerating to 50 MPH; CU gas jet stovetop; beautiful Chrysler "Town and Country" ("Woody") on rural highway. Producer: Fairbanks (Jerry) Inc. Sponsor: Standard Oil Company (Indiana)

Typewriter

​Free Typing Lessons and Typing Games for Kids ...
​ihomeschoolnetwork.com › free-typing-lessons-for-kids

• There are many options when you're looking for a way for kids to learn and practice typing skills. Some are more effective than others. It can be a little ...

​Best Typing Games for Students | Common Sense Education
www.commonsense.org › education › top-picks › best-t...

• The best games that help kids learn to type. ... Bottom line: Fun, charming typing lessons get keyboarding students started on the right foot and keep them ..

​18 Typewriter Facts for Kids, Students and Teachers
​www.factsjustforkids.com › technology-facts › typewriter...

• ​​A typewriter is a device used to write characters onto a piece of paper. The first patent for a typewriter was in 1714 by English inventor Henry Mill. ... The first commercially successful typewriter was the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, this typewriter was also known as the Remington No.

The Henry Ford - History of Typewriters | The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation

FBE - KIDS REACT TO TYPEWRITERS

​9 fun typing games for kids
These free typing games will help make learning this important skill fun.
By Emily Rivas July 1, 2018

​www.todaysparent.com/family/fun-typing-games-for-kids/

CBS Sunday Morning - Tom Hanks, typewriter enthusiast

Sound Effects: Typewriter

Thomas Edison

​​By the time he died in 1931, Thomas Edison was one of the most famous men in the world. The holder of more patents than any other inventor in history, Edison had amassed a fortune and achieved glory as the genius behind such revolutionary inventions as sound recording, motion pictures, and electric light. When Edison died on October 18, he lay in state for two days in the library of his West Orange complex, as thousands of people lined up to pay their final respects. On the third night, at the request of President Herbert Hoover, radio listeners across the country switched off their lights as a reminder of what life would have been like without Edison.

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​​https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/edison/

​AmericanExperiencePBS - Edison: The Father Of Invention

​Thomas Edison Home Page
www.thomasedison.com

• Thomas Edison Homepage, Thomas Alva Edison. American Inventor 1847-1931. September 20, 2020 ... Welcome to Edison's Homepage ...

​Thomas Edison - Inventions, Patents & Biography - HISTORY
​www.history.com › topics › inventions › thomas-edison

• Jun 6, 2019 - Thomas Edison's Early Life. Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio. He was the seventh and last child born to ...

​Life of Thomas Alva Edison | Biography | Articles and Essays ...www.loc.gov › collections › life-of-thomas-alva-edison

• One of the most famous and prolific inventors of all time, Thomas Alva Edison exerted a tremendous influence on modern life, contributing inventions such as the ...

​Edison's Lightbulb | The Franklin Institute
www.fi.edu › history-resources › edisons-lightbulb

• Thomas Alva Edison, born in Ohio on February 11, 1847, was one of the most well-known inventors of all time. He spent a few of his early years in formal ...

​7 Epic Fails Brought to You By the Genius Mind of
​Thomas ...
www.smithsonianmag.com › innovation › 7-epic-fails-...​

• Nov 20, 2013 - Thomas Edison was one of the most successful innovators in American history. He was the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” a larger-than-life hero who ...

First Electric Bulbs by Thomas Edison

​Ever wondered what the first electric bulbs looked like? Did you know that bulbs were made by hand?In 1890 Thomas Edison made electric bulbs commercially available & set up the first electric utility company.In the initial years you had to lease the hand crafted electric bulbs, and it was only later you could buy the bulbs. We have come a long way since 1879.
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AmericanExperiencePBS - Beyond the Doc: Edison's Inventions

Thomas Edison - Inventor | Mini Bio | BIO

Watch a short biography of Thomas Edison, the "Wizard of Menlo Park" who changed the world with his inventions such as the light bulb and movie camera. ​

​Thomas Edison: His Kaleidoscope Mind

Interview with Thomas Edison on his birthday in 1931

Full title reads: "Florida. America's 'G.O.M.' Thomas Edison is an inspiration to World's youth at 84!" ​

Nikola Tesla

​Film Description: Meet Nikola Tesla, the genius engineer and tireless inventor whose technology revolutionized the electrical age of the 20th century. Regarded by many historians as an eccentric genius, Tesla gained international fame for his invention of a system of alternating current that made possible the distribution of electricity over vast distances and is the basis for the electrical grid that powers 21st century life. But the visionary Tesla imagined much more — robots, radio, radar, remote control, the wireless transmission of messages and pictures, and harnessing the wind and sun to provide free energy to all. A showman, he dazzled his scientific peers who flocked to see him demonstrate his inventions and send thousands of volts of electricity pulsing through his body. His fertile but undisciplined imagination was the source of his genius but also his downfall, as the image of Tesla as a “mad scientist” came to overshadow his reputation as a brilliant innovator. Even before his death in 1943, he was largely forgotten, his name obscured by Thomas Edison — his hero, one-time employer, and rival. But it is his exhilarating sense of the future that has inspired renewed interest in the man, as his once scoffed-at vision of a world connected by wireless technology has become a reality.

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https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/tesla/

​Tesla - Master of Lightning: Tesla's Early Years - PBS
www.pbs.org › tesla › ll_early​

• Nikola Tesla was born a subject of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856 in a mountainous area of the Balkan Peninsula known as Lika. His father Milutin, and ...

• ​​Tesla's Biography - Tesla Memorial Society of New York
  

www.teslasociety.com › biography
Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father, Milutin Tesla was a ...

​Nikola Tesla - Inventions, Facts & Death - HISTORY
www.history.com › topics › inventions › nikola-tesla​

• Mar 13, 2020 - Serbian-American engineer and physicist Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) made dozens of breakthroughs in the production, transmission and application of electric power. He invented the first alternating current (AC) motor and developed AC generation and transmission technology.

​SciShow: Nikola Tesla: Great Minds

​Biographics - Tesla: A Man Ahead of His Time

• Tesla's Dinner Party Join Robert Underwood Johnson, John Muir, Mark Twain, Stanford White, and Nikola Tesla for an imagined dinner party.
• Tesla and Wireless Charging Wireless power seems cutting edge, but it was actually pioneered over 100 years ago by Nikola Tesla.
• Tesla: Trailer Meet Nikola Tesla, the genius engineer and tireless inventor whose technology revolutionized the electrical age of the 20th century. 
• The Evolution of Invention The word “inventor” conjures images of a far-off past. Today, inventor Steve Hollinger keeps the spirit of innovation alive in his workshop.

​Wireless Electricity? How the Tesla Coil Works | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 46745-how-tesla-coil-works

• Jul 10, 2014 - A Tesla coil consists of two parts: a primary coil and secondary coil, each with its own capacitor. (Capacitors store electrical energy just like ...

Tesla Coil – 1891 - MagLab
nationalmaglab.org › magnet-academy › museum › tesl...​

• Dec 10, 2014 - In 1891, Tesla unveiled one of his most important inventions, the "Tesla coil," a high-frequency transformer capable of creating very high voltage ...

How to make a mini Tesla coil

​In this video we learn how to make a tesla coil with 9 volt battery

Making Wireless Energy For The Entire Planet—Nikola Tesla's Wardenclyffe Tower

In this video I show you how wireless power transfer works. I show you my musical tesla coil that and how it can light a flourescent bulb at a distance. Then I talk about Tesla's Tower (Wardenclyffe tower) and about how it was really supposed to work. I talk about Tesla's belief in longitudinal electromagnetic waves and why his whole design depended on these waves. ​

Media: Cinema, Radio, Television...

Cinema, Radio, and Television: Crash Course History of Science #29

Radio, Cinema, and Television have been staples in news coverage, entertainment, and education for almost 100 years. But... where did they all come from? Who started what and when and why? In this episode, Hank Green talks to us about their birth and a dead elephant. ​

​List of issues Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
www.tandfonline.com › loi › chjf20

• Browse the list of issues and latest articles from Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television.

How a Teenager from Idaho Invented TV

In 1921, radio ruled the airwaves and TV was a distant dream no one could turn into reality. Enter a scarily smart teenage sharecropper named Philo Farnsworth. ​

History of TV Tech

Technology has come a long way since the advent of the television set. Explore the innovation that inspired color tv, light emitting diodes and now, organic LED TVs. Brought to you by LG. ​​

RETRO TECH: CAMCORDER

​The JVC GR-C1 Camcorder was the first all-in-one handheld video camera. I trace the history of homemade videos back to the release of this iconic piece of tech and shows how its popularity led to the videos we watch on YouTube today. Fellow YouTube creator Casey Neistat shows me how to film and edit videos on this piece of retro tech. Spoiler alert: It’s not easy.

​1920s-1960s-TV - Imagining the Internet
www.elon.edu › e-web › predictions

• A brief historical overview: The printing press was the big innovation in communications ... as well as pantomime performance broadcast from motion-picture film.

​SciShow: Who Really Invented the Radio?

The History of Sound at the Movies

​ Take the full Filmmaker IQ course on the History of Sound at the movies with sauce and bonus material at: https://filmmakeriq.com/courses/histo...
The inclusion of sound at the movies was one of the most dramatic changes in all of film history. Dive into the early experiments of Edison trying to incorporate sound from film’s inception, through the experiments in the early 1920s, the Jazz Singer and the industry sound overhaul, and finally the multi-channel surround and modern movie sound technologies. If you have any further questions be sure to check out our questions page on Filmmaker IQ: https://filmmakeriq.com/balcony_categ...

Teens on being tethered to their phones and social media

​Teenagers today have never known a world without smartphones and social media, and most of them can’t even conceive of a time where people sat around the dinner table without checking their Instagram pages. We asked a handful of eighth-graders from a Los Angeles public school to give their Brief But Spectacular takes on what technology means to them.
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Sound...record

The Phonograph, Disk Records (vinyl), 

The Evolution Of Music Storage

The field of audio evolved over the last 170 years starting with the human voice first being imprinted on paper covered in soot, on a device known as the phonautograph. It would evolve into the wax cylinder phonograph and eventually the disc-based one, we know today. Mechanical sound storage would be replaced by electrical-based sound reproduction, via microphones and loudspeakers. The sound could now be transmitted over lines and via radio. The medium of vinyl records would soon be accompanied by the advent of magnetic tape storage. Magnetic tape storage allowed for sound editing and convent storage. As well as being able to be transferred into other mediums such as optical audio. Electrical sound storage also brought the concept of signal processing with it. The frequency components of sound could be analyzed and modified to enhance quality, fulfill storage needs, and for artistic effect. Several common audio signal procession techniques discussed are audio filters, dynamic range compressors and noise reduction. SUPPORT NEW MIND ON PATREON https://www.patreon.com/newmind

The Phonograph 

Edison Invents the Phonograph
www.americaslibrary.gov › edison › aa_edison_phono...

• Thomas Edison created many inventions, but his favorite was the phonograph. While working on improvements to the telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured ...

​History of the Cylinder Phonograph | History of Edison Sound ...
www.loc.gov › collections › articles-and-essays › histor...

• The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. In 1877, Edison was working on ..

American Experience PBS - The Phonograph

Meet Edison's Tinfoil Phonograph from 1877

​This is the earliest machine for recording and playing recorded sound. That's right. This is from a world in which there were no voicemails, no podcasts, or karaoke nights. In comes Thomas Edison. See how it works in this video with Curator Carlene Stephens. Visit the machine in person at our "America's Listening" display, opening October 19, 2018, in the Ray Dolby Gateway to Culture.
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Disk Records (vinyl)

KIDS REACT TO RECORD PLAYERS/VINYL

Record Players reacted to by Kids! ​

The Truth About Vinyl - Vinyl vs. Digital

How Do Vinyl Records Work? | Brit Lab

​Over 100 years after the technology's invention some people still consider vinyl as the only proper way to listen to music but how does vinyl work? Greg Foot explains the science behind a record.

CDs (Compact Disc) 

Introducing The Amazing Compact Disc | 1982 | Retro vintage 80s technology

​When the first compact discs arrived on the Australian market in 1983, they ranged in price from $900-$1800. The price didn’t hold back the rapid adoption of the technology.

The CD-ROM: An LGR Retrospective

Taking a nostalgic look back at the 'compact disc read only memory' experience! Especially in regards to computer gaming and software in the 1990s. Redbook audio, full motion video, a vast 650+ megabytes of storage, ahh good times. ​

From Phonographs to Spotify: A Brief History of the Music Industry

From the invention of the phonograph in 1877 to the boom in streaming services today, the music industry has had to constantly adapt to emerging technology. In this video, we explore whether music can continue to reinvent itself to survive. Photo: Liliana Llamas/WSJ ​

How record players and gramophones work - Explain that Stuff
www.explainthatstuff.com › record-players​

• Jump to How Edison's phonograph worked - How did the phonograph work? If you want to record sound, you speak into the tube (1). The sound ...

​HENRY FORD MUSEUM - 1903 Edison Phonograph Recording Demo | Maker Faire Detroit

Technology Connections - Edison's Impression: Laying Sound into a Groove

Cassettes (tapes)

Cassette adapters are remarkably simple

It's a real lost opportunity that we didn't call these Cassettepters. It's not-at-all difficult to say! OK, maybe Cassepter would be easier but isn't that, like, a sword or something? The descriptions are getting weird.

The Cassette Deck Repair Odyssey: Is Tape Worth It?

​It's been many years since I last used cassette tapes. Now that they're starting to gain popularity again, I gave them another shot -- but does the experience justify the cost and effort?
https://www.patreon.com/thisdoesnotco...

VHS Tapes - Were they as bad as we remember?

​The 8-Bit Guy
https://www.patreon.com/8bitguy1

How Sony's Betamax lost to JVC's VHS Cassette Recorder

​In 1976 Sony introduced the Betamax video cassette recorder. It catalyzed the "on demand" of today by allowing users to record television shows, and the machine ignited the first "new media" intellectual property battles. In only a decade this revolutionary machine disappeared, beaten by JVS's version of the cassette recorder. This video tells the story of why Betamax failed. This is one of three videos in a series on marketplace failures of technological objects. http://www.engineerguy.com/failure.

RETRO TECH: WALKMAN

When the Sony Walkman hit the market in the 1970s, it was the first time we were able to take our music with us on-the-go. I explore this iconic piece of tech—from the inspiration behind its compact design to how it changed portable audio forever. I also enlist the help of fellow YouTube creator Judner A.K.A. Uravgconsumer to fix a busted Walkman. The Gregory Brothers join me to test out whether a vintage Walkman is durable enough to survive a game of ultimate frisbee.

Alexander Graham Bell

​​Biographics - Alexander Graham Bell: A Life of Innovation and Controversy

​“Keep mustache out of the opening”: a history of phone etiquette
arstechnica.com › tech-policy › 2010/08 › what-would-...​

• Aug 9, 2010 - In 1910, Bell's Telephone Engineer magazine sponsored a contest for the best essay on proper telephone etiquette. AT&T had the prize article ...

​Telephone Etiquette - The Atlantic
www.theatlantic.com › technology › archive › 2015/09

• Sep 2, 2015 - How Telephone Etiquette Has Changed. Understanding social norms for the phone means accepting the fact that the things we call "phones" are ...

​Early Telephone Etiquette - Teachinghistory.org
teachinghistory.org › sites › default › files › quiz-early-...
PDF

• The invention of the telephone modified social communication and called for new forms of etiquette. During the years 1916- ... True or False: The following points of etiquette appeared in national ... http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/quiz.

That Time Saying 'Ahoy hoy' was the Preferred Way to Answer the Phone

​The very brief popularity of this telephone greeting stemmed from the fact the “ahoy-hoy” was Alexander Graham Bell’s preferred way to answer the phone. Ahoy-hoy derives from the term “ahoy”, which is generally associated with being a nautical term used for hailing ships. However, there is also significant evidence that it was popularly used as a way to more or less say “hello” in non-nautical situations. Further, “hoy” was commonly used as far back as the 14th century as a call to use while driving cattle. This precedes the first known instance of it being used in the nautical sense, attached with a leading ‘a’ sound (“a-hoy”).

​Telephone Operators

​National Museum of American History
As switchboard operators, women played a central, though often overlooked role in the United States' expanding telecommunications industry. Notes: "Telephone Operators," Information Age, National Museum of American History.

​About this Collection | Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers ...www.loc.gov › collections › about-this-collection

• The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers were donated to the Library of Congress by his heirs in 1975. Prior to this donation, the papers were on deposit at the ...

Alexander Graham Bell - Inventions, Biography & Telephone ...
www.history.com › topics › alexander-graham-bell

• Nov 30, 2019 - Alexander Graham Bell is best known for his invention of the telephone, for which he received his first patent in 1876. Despite his myriad ...

Biography of Alexander Graham Bell for Children: Famous Inventors for Kids - FreeSchool

​Alexander Graham Bell - PBS
www.pbs.org › transistor › album1 › addlbios › bellag

• Alexander Graham Bell is most well known for inventing the telephone. He came to the U.S as a teacher of the deaf, and conceived the idea of "electronic ...

Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Prototype | The Genius Of Invention | Earth Lab

AT&T Archives: The First Call

​For more from the AT&T Archives, visit http://techchannel.att.com/archives A 1930 dramatization of Alexander Graham Bell's moment of success. This early sound film has three sections. Each has an intro or storytelling from the actual Thomas A. Watson, who recorded his sections of the film in 1926. The rest is a recreated dramatization by young actors of the moments described by Watson. Part I: Watson describes the famous event - the "Come here, I want you" line - and moment where the invention was made real. Part II: Describes a meeting at the Philadephia Convention where Bell was encouraged by Dom Pedro, the Emperor of Brasil. Part III: The 1915 first cross-continent call from New York to San Francisco, with...

Photography (Camera)

TED Ed - ​Illuminating photography: From camera obscura to camera phone - Eva Timothy​

​VIew full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/illuminatin...
​The origins of the cameras we use today were invented in the 19th century. Or were they? A millenia before, Arab scientist Alhazen was using the camera obscura to duplicate images, with Leonardo da Vinci following suit 500 years later and major innovations beginning in the 19th century. Eva Timothy tracks the trajectory from the most rudimentary cameras to the ubiquity of them today.
​Lesson by Eva Timothy, animation by London Squared Productions.

​The History of the Camera - History Thingshistorythings.com › the-history-of-the-camera

• May 20, 2019 - The camera's history can be traced back to the Middle Ages with the first pinhole camera. ... Camera Obscura, in short, is reproducing an image with color and perspective preserved. Photo: Wes Jones. In 1816, inventor Nicéphore Niépce began to experiment with photography, although at the time he called it heliography.

​The Revolutionary Evolution Of The Camera And Photography
​mymodernmet.com › Photography

• How the Development of the Camera Changed Our World. By Jessica Stewart on March 23, 2018. Who Invented the Camera History of Photography.

​Photos: The history of the digital camera - CNET
www.cnet.com › news › photos-the-history-of-the-digit...

• Nov 5, 2007 - From theoretical beginnings in space travel to today's multi-megapixel monsters, the digital camera has come a long way. We present photos of ...

Camera: A History of Photography from Daguerreotype to Digital by Todd Gustavson

​Eastman House Technology Curator Todd Gustavson takes us behind the scenes of the creation of his book.

Thinking Tech - Evolution Of Cameras 

TEDxManitoba - The Past and Future of Photography | Leif Norman 

The Mind

The Mind/Brain: Crash Course History of Science #30

​Scientists in the nineteenth century discovered a lot about life and matter. But exactly what kind of stuff is the human brain? That one was—and is—tricky. The brain sciences—with experiments and therapies tied to biological theories of the body—emerged in the nineteenth century and came into their own in the early twentieth.

Sleep is your superpower | Matt Walker

​Sleep is your life-support system and Mother Nature's best effort yet at immortality, says sleep scientist Matt Walker. In this deep dive into the science of slumber, Walker shares the wonderfully good things that happen when you get sleep -- and the alarmingly bad things that happen when you don't, for both your brain and body. Learn more about sleep's impact on your learning, memory, immune system and even your genetic code -- as well as some helpful tips for getting some shut-eye.

​Opinion | The Modern Asylum - The New York Times
​www.nytimes.com › 2015/02/18 › the-modern-asylum

• Feb 18, 2015 - Patients with chronic, severe mental illnesses are still in facilities — only now they are in medical hospitals, nursing homes and, increasingly, jails ...

​Daily Life in the Asylum | Historic England
​historicengland.org.uk › research › disability-history

• Metropolitan Lunatic Asylum, Kew: female patients exercising. ... six miles of corridors and capacity for 1,000 people, it was a model of modern asylum design.

​We Shut Down State Mental Hospitals. Some Want to Bring Them Back.

​Is "mental illness" a fraudulent concept for locking up social deviants? Or does forced treatment free the ill "from the Bastille of their psychosis?"

​History vs. Sigmund Freud - Todd Dufresne

​Working in Vienna at the turn of the 20th century, he began his career as a neurologist before pioneering the discipline of psychoanalysis, and his influence towers above that of all other psychologists in the public eye. But was Sigmund Freud right about human nature? And were his methods scientific? Todd Dufresne puts this controversial figure on trial in History vs. Sigmund Freud. Lesson by Todd Dufresne, directed by Brett Underhill.

Download a free audiobook version of "Why We Sleep" and support TED-Ed's nonprofit mission: https://www.audible.com/ted-ed ​

5 Things You Should Know About Your Brain

​Settle in for a smörgåsbord of brain facts.

The Teenage Brain Explained

Being a teenager is hard. Especially when hormones play their part in wreaking havoc on the teenage body and brain. In this episode, Hank explains what is happening to the during the angsty-time. ​

Marie Curie

Marie Curie and Spooky Rays: Crash Course History of Science #31

It's time to talk about one of the most awesome scientists that has ever been awesome: Marie Curie. She figured out ways to get an amazing education despite the limitations of her homeland, discovered some really important answers to the question "what is stuff?", and she helped other people (like her husband) complete their own studies and discoveries. Did I say she was awesome yet? SHE WAS AWESOME!

​Madame Curie's Passion | History | Smithsonian Magazine
www.smithsonianmag.com › history › madame-curies-...

• When Marie Curie came to the United States for the first time, in May 1921, she had already discovered the elements radium and polonium, coined the term ...

​The Film Radioactive Shows How Marie Curie Was a "Woman ...
www.scientificamerican.com › article › the-film-radioac...

• Aug 9, 2020 - The stick-figure version of Marie Curie, one of the most famous scientists of all time, describes a pioneering researcher on radioactivity who ..

​Marie Curie: Facts & Biography | Live Science
www.livescience.com › 38907-marie-curie-facts-biogra...

• Jun 26, 2019 - Marie Curie was a physicist, chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation. She and her husband, Pierre, discovered the elements polonium ...

​The history of radiation use in medicine - ScienceDirect
​www.sciencedirect.com › science › article › pii

• Historical review of scientists who played key roles in the discovery of radiation and its use in medicine are reviewed. Results. Wilhelm Roentgen, Henri Becquerel, ...

by AB Reed - ‎2011 - ‎Cited by 58 - ‎Related articles

History of radiation protection
www.medmuseum.siemens-healthineers.com › radiation...

• However, his measurements during the examination using the historical apparatus indicated a radiation dose of 75 mSv, which is 1,500 times that of 

PBS KIDS - Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum | Marie Curie's LABORATORY! 

​Marie Curie - Biographical - NobelPrize.org
www.nobelprize.org › prizes › physics › biographical

• Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received a general education ...

​Marie Curie the scientist | Biog, facts & quotes
www.mariecurie.org.uk › who › our-history › marie-cu...​

• Marie Curie is remembered for her discovery of radium and polonium, and her huge contribution to finding treatments for cancer. This work continues to inspire ...Place of death‎: ‎Sancellemoz

Marie Curie

​View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-genius-... Marie Skłodowska Curie’s revolutionary research laid the groundwork for our understanding of physics and chemistry, blazing trails in oncology, technology, medicine, and nuclear physics, to name a few. But what did she actually do? Shohini Ghose expounds on some of Marie Skłodowska Curie’s most revolutionary discoveries. Lesson by Shohini Ghose, animation by Anna Nowakowska.

TED-Ed: The genius of Marie Curie - Shohini Ghose

SciShow: ​Marie Curie: Great Minds

Hank tells us the story of his favorite genius lady scientist and radioactive superhero, Marie Curie.

​​Biographics - Marie Curie: A Life of Sacrifice and Achievement

​Albert Einstein

Einstein's Revolution: Crash Course History of Science #32

There was physics before Einstein in the same way that there was biology before Darwin. Einstein didn’t just add some new ideas to physics. And he didn’t just add a unifying framework for doing physics, like Newton. Einstein took what people thought was physics, turned it upside down, then turned it inside out. ​

​PBS NewsHour - How Einstein’s theory of relativity changed the world

​This week marks the 100th anniversary of the publication of papers laying out Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. In honor of the anniversary, Gwen Ifill examines how Einstein changed our understanding of the cosmos with Einstein biographer Walter Isaacson. View the Full Story/Transcript: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/how-ei...

NOVA PBS Official - How an Eclipse Proved Einstein Right

The total solar eclipse of 1919 led Albert Einstein down the path toward stardom. Here’s how.

PBS Space Time - Are Space and Time An Illusion? | PBS Digital Studios

​SPACE, TIME, AND THE NATURE OF REALITY. This episode of Space Time is actually about Spacetime, so pull up a chair, grab your favorite snack, and buckle up, because this episode is going to be a TRIP. Gabe explores what reality is, what "time" is, and why what you think those things are is probably WRONG. Seriously, get ready to have your MIND BLOWN!

PBS Space Time - The Real Meaning of E=mc² | PBS Digital Studios

​You’ve probably known OF E=mc² since you were born, and were also probably told that it meant that it proved Mass equaled Energy, or something along those lines. BUT WAIT. Was E=mc² explained to you properly? Mass equalling energy is mostly true, but E=mc² actually describes a much more interesting, and frankly mind-blowing aspect of reality that likely wasn’t covered in your high school physics class. Join Gabe on this week’s episode of PBS Space Time he discusses THE TRUE MEANING OF E=mc²

E = mc² | Equation, Explanation, & Proof | Britannica
www.britannica.com › ... › Physics › Matter & Energy

• E = mc^2, equation in Einstein's theory of special relativity that expresses the ... E = mc2. E = mc2Proof of Albert Einstein's special-relativity equation E = mc2.

Albert Einstein - Biographical - NobelPrize.org
​www.nobelprize.org › prizes › physics › biographical

• Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his ...

​The Year Of Albert Einstein | Science | Smithsonian Magazine
www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › the-year-...

• Over four months, March through June 1905, Albert Einstein produced four ... embedded within Einstein's equations—the big bang theory of the creation of the ...

Einstein's miracle year - Larry Lagerstrom

View full lesson here: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/einstein-s-... As the year 1905 began, Albert Einstein faced life as a “failed” academic. Yet within the next twelve months, he would publish four extraordinary papers, each on a different topic, that were destined to radically transform our understanding of the universe. Larry Lagerstrom details these four groundbreaking papers. Lesson by Larry Lagerstrom, animation by Oxbow Creative.

​​Biographics - Albert Einstein: A Pillar of Modern Physics

PBS America - Einstein's Big Idea 

The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2

Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. E = mc2 was just one of several extraordinary breakthroughs that Einstein made in 1905, including the completion of his special theory of relativity, his identification of proof that atoms exist, and his explanation of the nature of light, which would win him the Nobel Prize in Physics. Among Einstein's ideas, E = mc2 is by far the most famous. Yet how many people know what it really means? In a thought-provoking and engrossing docudrama, NOVA illuminates this deceptively simple formula by unraveling the story of how it came to be.

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​Explore More

• ​The Legacy of E = mc2Einstein the Nobody
• The Theory Behind the Equation
• Einstein: Genius Among Geniuses
• Ancestors of E = mc2
• New Photos of Einstein€'s Brain
• Inside Einstein's Mind
• Einstein’s Thought Experiment
• Einstein Revealed
• The Elegant Universe

Einstein's Big Idea

The Atomic Age

The Atomic Bomb: Crash Course History of Science #33

The story picks up where we left off last time, with Einstein writing the president of his new homeland, the United States, urging him to build a nuclear weapon before Hitler. This is the tale of the most destructive force humans have ever unleashed. The Atomic Bomb. ​

​Radiation in Everyday Life | IAEA
www.iaea.org › Factsheets › English › radlife

• By far the largest source of natural radiation exposure comes from varying amounts of uranium and thorium in the soil around the world. The radiation exposure ...

​Is There Radium In Your Tap Water? New Map Can Show You ...
www.livescience.com › 61397-tap-water-radium

• Jan 11, 2018 - Does your tap water contain the radioactive element radium? ... the map comes from an EWG analysis of water quality tests from 2010 to 2015.

Radium Girls Trailer #1 (2020) | Movieclips Indie

​Check out the new trailer for Radium Girls starring Joey King

​August 1945: Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Teachinghistory.org
teachinghistory.org › nhec-blog

• On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb used in ... The Truman Library supports primary source documents with lesson plans.

Nuclear Energy Explained: A Is for Atom | Animated Educational Film | 1953

​Nuclear Weapons - Our World in Data
ourworldindata.org › nuclear-weapons

• Jump to Stockpiles of nuclear weapons - One way of quantifying the proliferation of nuclear weapons is to look at the stockpiles countries have.

Animation shows the deadly evolution of nuclear weapons

​It's been decades since the United States dropped the first atomic bomb. Since then, the exponential increase of the destructive power of nuclear weapons is almost unimaginable. Here's how powerful nuclear weapons have become. Read more: http://www.techinsider.io/